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For the first 1100 years of the Church, any bishop could declare a saint and no approval from the Vatican was required. However, there were a number of persons of dubious character who were made saints. In the 12th century the pope put an end to the practice and stated that only a pope could declare a saint. The Sacred Congregation for the causes of Saints was established. This congregation in the Vatican investigates all causes for sainthood and makes recommendations to the pope. Those declared saints by early bishops are, therefore, called precongregational.

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