How does a society differ from a mere human group?

What percentage of men are 6'3 or taller?

65 percent are 5,8 and above. 15 percent are shorter than 5,7. 20 percent are At 6 foot or taller. Only a mere 2 percent of the population is over 6,5.

Differentiate a community from a mere group of people?

"A mere group of people" and "a community" may be difficult to distinguish. Separateness from community and merging into community are fluid, such as placing a few drops of water on a plate then tipping the plate in different directions. Here are a long example of communities and "mere people": Everyone in the world can be considered to be part of one major community, which is "human kind" (mankind). One person from each country in the world do not form a true community. But, if one person from each country in the world met for a specific purpose, they each become a part of a new "community", whether that community is temporary or permanent. For example, The United Nations can be considered a "community" bound by its purpose as an international organization, even though the members come from different countries (separate communities). So in the United Nations example, a representative from Russia belongs to his Russian community (as a country) but enters into a new community at the UN. The Representative therefore is part of these two communities. When the Russian Representative in the UN decides to extend his time in the US, such as for a short vacation in New York City, he is temporarily and on the surface separated from those two communities, even though he still belongs to both. But on vacation, he temporarily enters the community we call "tourists". He might decide to join a "group tour" to visit NY museums, and so, for that limited time, he joins the "tourist community" even more, but it is a temporary community. This Russian Representative to the UN, now part of the tourist community within NY, begins to feel a bit homesick as he walks through neighborhoods in NY. The neighborhoods in NY have their own "community", but the Russian Rep-tourist does not belong to the NY neighborhood community. He feels happy that his vacation ends soon and he can go back home to his own neighborhood. When the Russian Representative packs his bags and heads to the airport, he is ending his temporary belonging in the "tourist community". He is now a "mere person" with a group identity to his homeland and family, as well as his group affiliation as a UN Representative. Walking through the airport, the Russian UN Representative-ex-tourist is now one of thousands of "mere people" who are buying tickets, going through airport security, and waiting for his plane. Temporarily, he belongs to the current group / community called "travelers". Finally, the airlines calls his flight. He along with a couple hundred other people line up and board "their" plane. He now temporarily joins the temporary community of "Passengers of Flight # 1xyz". During the flight, he is a passenger within one temporary community, while still belonging to and part of his UN community and the community of his homeland, Russia. The flight lands and the UN Representative feels the strength and pull of his "Russian citizen" community. He is "Home!" He now leaves the temporary community of "passengers" and indeed, all the passengers now move back to being "mere people"--until they also re-enter their primary communities. The Russian's wife and five children meet him at the airport. He now physically re-enters two less obvious "communities"-- one of spouse / family man, and second, father. By extension, he belongs to the groups we base on relationships: married person, spouse, father. None of these groups hold group meetings, but the group affiliation and community exists. Stepping out of the car outside his house, the Russian UN Representative, now returning to the husband-father-family community also looks around and is happy to be back in his "own" neighborhood. He considers it his "own" not just because he has a house there, but because neighborhoods create a feeling of community, of belonging, of friendships and acquaintances and familiarity. The butcher a few doors down happens to step out of his shop and sees the Russian UN-now back in his home community and the two greet each other warmly. Other neighbors wave or tell him hello (in Russian, of course). The Russian-UN-now returned to family man must return to work the next day. He is a University Professor who is greatly admired. As he enters his office at the college, he is greeted by co-workers and people who work for him. He has now re-entered his "college instructor/college administrator" community. He never "lost" or ended his affiliation with this community, just like he never ended his husband-father-family community. He simply temporarily entered other communities, and remains part of the UN community, but will not be part of the "tourist" community until he takes a new vacation. He is called to a meeting of other University Officials... They want to know what happened at the UN and to hear his stories about NY City. He temporarily leaves his "I'm a professor-I teach" identity and community, and enters an administrative-officials community. He gives a wonderful report of his activities. After two hours with the officials in this meeting, he must hurry back to teach a class. He leaves one temporary community and re-enters another one. He's now been back in Russia, in his neighborhood, with his family, for a week. It is time to go to church, like hundreds of people from across the city. His city is his community, but he certainly does not know everyone personally. Indeed, hundreds of "mere people" from across the city and from all walks of life come together to form a new community: "church community" or "community of worshipers". The head of the church announces that in December, leaders from all the area churches will meet with other, higher, leaders within their denomination at a regional wide conference. The Russian UN Rep - husband-father-family man is the designated representative who attends these regional conferences. When he goes to the conference, he will temporarily enter a wider community. But he will also remain part of his "home church" community where he worships. As you can see, "mere people" move into and out of many temporary communities (or connectedness) (such as tourist, passenger), while always being part of larger communities, relationships, and identities (example: country of origin, home neighborhood, home church, occupation). As well, when they fully enter each permanent community, as it occurs, they usually feel like they belong. When people don't feel they belong, they permanently leave that community (if they can) and seek another community. Conversely, when people do not feel comfortable or belonging when in a temporary community, most people stay in that community only to fill expectations and they know they will leave or end their involvement in that community. For example, you know your vacation will end in 7 days and then you can leave the "camping in tents" community. Leaving temporary groups that create a community is easier than leaving permanent or more permanent community, where expectations of loyalty are much higher. I used a Russian as my example, but the same connectedness and community exists regardless of the nationality / country of origin.

Why is social control important in a peaceful society?

1. To maintain the old order:It is necessary for every society or group to maintain its social order and this is possible only when its members behave In accordance with that social order. An important objective of social control is not to maintain the old order. Family helps in the realization of this objective. The aged members of the family enforce their ideas over the children.2. To establish social unity:Without social control, social unity would be a mere dream. Social control regulates behavior in accordance with established norms, which brings uniformity of behavior and leads to unity among the individuals. The family maintains its unity because its members behave in similar manner in accordance with family norms.3. To regulate or control individual behavior:No two men are alike in their attitudes, ideas, interests and habits. Even the children of the same parents do not have the same attitudes, habits and interests. Men believe in different religions, dress differently, eat different food, marry in different ways and have different ideologies. There are so much differences in the ways of living of the people that at every movement there is the possibility of clash between them. In modern times, this possibility has all the more increased because man has become too self-centered. Social control is necessary to protect social interests and satisfy common need. If social control is removed and individual is left to behave freely, society would be reduced to state of jungle.4. To provide social sanction:Social control provides social sanction to the social ways of behavior. There are numerous folkways, modes and customs prevalent in society. Every individual has to follow them. If an individual violets the social norms, he is compelled through social control to observe than. Thus, social control provides sanction to social norms.5. To check cultural mal-adjustment:Society is subject to change. New invention, new discoveries and new philosophies continue to take birth in society. The individual has to adjust his behavior to the change-taking place in society. But all the individuals cannot adjust themselves to the new conditions. Some become progressive, others remain conservative. When a person from the village moves into the city, he comes across new cultural standards and it is possible that he may wrongly adjust himself to the new cultural environment. He may become a save of passions, visit bar and pass nights in nightclubs. During this transitional period in his social control, it is very necessary lest he should become a deviant.

What is need and significance of social control?

Dhruv Tanwani concluded thatImportance and need of Social control-1- To maintain the old order is essential for every group.. Family helps in the realization of this objective. The elder members of the family enforce their ideas over the children. In religious and cultural functions senior members of family influence the behavior of youngsters2-To check maladjustment. Society is subject to change . New discoveries, new inventions, new philosophies continue to take birth in society. But all members have to adjusted, which is not automatically process but by guidelines of elders this progress takes place in family.3-To provide social sanction-there are numbers of folkways, mores, traditions, patterns exist in society .Every individual has to follow them. if any member violates the rules ,he is compelled through social control to observe them.4-To control individual behavior-Each and every person in family and society has different type of attitude ,thinking, ideology ,behavior patters. Even Same parents children have different ways of working. Therefore chances of clashing with other are more .Due to weapon f social control all members live peacefully together.5-To eastablish social unity- Without this weapon of social control all members peacefully live together, is mere dream. Generally all family members behave in same manner when food or other religious activity take place.6-To maintain permanency of the organization - there are some groups in society, which have great responsibilty to take efforts to make it permanent in nature. For example due to cultural clash inter caste marriage is not allowed in many families any member go against either has to leave that family.Types of Social Control-A -Direct and indirect control-According to Karl Menheim there are two types of control called Direct and indirect control. The direct control is done by near and dear ones or with whom we keep physical proximity. The parents neighborhood persons ,friends, teachers ,playgroup members are agencies of direct control With the help of suggestion, punishment, scolding crticism, appreciation ,reward this form does work. The control done by big organizations like police,law, state ,courts are form of indirect control.2 -Positive and Negative control-According to Kimbal Young by positive control we mean control done by giving awards, appreciations, admiration, certificates etc.This can be seen in Military services and school. Positive control does not mean giving costly iteams to concerned persons. Giving piece of toffee to children do great work. The negative control consist physical punishment, fine, criticism ,isolation etc.Death sentence is example of physical punishment. For good work people get first type of awards and for disobeying rules they get punishment.3 Informal and formal social controlThe social values that are present in individuals are products of informal social control. It is exercised by a society without explicitly stating these rules and is expressed through customs, norms, and mores. Individuals are socialized whether consciously or subconsciously. During informal sanctions, ridicule or criticism cause a straying towards norms. Through this form of socialization, the person will internalize these mores and norms. Traditional society uses mostly informal social control embedded in its customary culture relying on the socialization of its members to establish social order. More rigidly-structured societies may place increased reliance on formal mechanisms.Informal sanctions may include ridicule, sarcasm, criticism and disapproval. In extreme cases sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion. This implied social control usually has more effect on individuals because they become internalized and thus an aspect of personality.As with formal controls, informal controls reward or punish acceptable or unacceptable behavior (i.e., deviance). Informal controls are varied and differ from individual to individual, group to group and society to society. For example, at a women's institute meeting, a disapproving look might convey the message that it is inappropriate to flirt with the minister. In a criminal gang, on the other hand, a stronger sanction would be applied in the case of someone threatening to inform to the police.[3]Formal social controlFormal social control is expressed through law as statutes, rules, and regulations against deviant behavior. It is conducted by government and organizations using law enforcement mechanisms and other formal sanctions such as fines and imprisonment.[2] In democratic societies the goals and mechanisms of formal social control are determined through legislation by elected representatives and thus enjoy a measure of support from the population and voluntary compliance.In short formal control is done by big and complicated organizations( law, court ,police, administration etc) while simple and less complicated societies have informal control arrangements(tradition, folkways, religion family etc).4- Autocratic and democratic control-On the basis of political system Lapiear has classified it in term of Autocratic and democratic control. In communist and patriarchal or monarchical societies, autocratic control exist, where keeping one motto in minds people are exploited and controlled by administrative agencies .In democratic control ,people's own representatives solve the problems through public opinion, conversations, public appeals etc. In democracy control form is more flexible. The rule or administration which is not in favor of welfare of society are removed by common consent.Mechanism of Social control-In sociology a mechanism is a set of rules designed to bring about a certain outcome through the interaction of a number of agents each of whom maximizes their own utility. Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ... "Control's real name is bondage. The logical conclusion would be, if giving up some rights produces a better society, then by giving up all our rights we could produce a perfect society." -( Citizens' Rule Book)"Man is born into society just as an ant is born into its ant-hill or a bee into its hive; man is born into society from the very moment that he takes his first step toward humanity, from the moment that he becomes a human being that is, a being possessing to a greater or lesser extent the power of thought and speech. Man does not choose society; on the contrary, he is the product of the latter, and he is just as inevitably subject to the natural laws governing his essential development as to all the other natural laws which he must obey." - Mikhail Bakunin"Society exists for the benefit of its members - not the members for the benefit of society." - Herbert SpencerThere are many ways which has been described by lapier to make social control more powerful; they are as follow-1-Control through physical punishment- In any political social system if any person dis-obeys the rules of state he is physically punished. Keeping person in jail or prison is example of physical punishment. Same way death sentence and boycotting by society are some examples of physical punishment.2- learners can recognize the direct effects of reward more easily than they can the effects of punishment; and (2) the by-products of reward are more favorable. For example, reward leads to liking the rewarded task, but punishment leads to dislike of the punished deed.Control through fine and reward.-In all the societies disobeying of rules are occurred. For this every society impose certain burdens on mankind. When these are financial in terms ,it is called fine. To encourage people to undertake desired activities ,which are making society in good shape, people get reward in form of money or prices etc.3-Social control through respect and crticism-Children learn most of their behaviors by associating them with consequences. If a child cries for a toy, he may get it (a pleasant consequence, a reward), or he may be punished for crying (an unpleasant consequence, a punishment). Either consequence, especially when repeated over time, can lead to a behavior pattern- the child cries when he wants something or he learns to hold back his crying. Pleasant consequences (rewards) are usually more effective behavior modifiers than unpleasant consequences (punishment). It is not only the type of reward, but also how it is used that determines how effective it will be. Rewards can be either tangible or intangible. Tangible rewards can include things like toys, books, favorite foods or other special gifts. At school it might be a sticker or a star on a good piece of work. For an older child, a financial reward is often a way of encouraging good behavior. Intangible rewards include praise, time with Mom or Dad for a special activity, or it can be something as simple as extra play, TV or computer time. Showing interest in completed work and projects, or in schoolwork in general are intangible rewards that can work.4- Social control through insulting and honoring- The reward must also be meaningful to the child. What we think of as a privilege for one child may in fact may be a punishment for another and vice versa. Staying in from recess may be punishment for the child who is outgoing, but may be a blessing in disguise for the shy child. Some dos and don'ts of using rewards and punishment include: Reward only occasionally and vary the reward. Overuse leads to ineffectiveness.Reward extra effort. When your child does more than expected, and is rewarded for it, the reward becomes motivation to continue to go beyond the call of duty. Same way insult a student in class is good punishment and give piece of pencil to another child is good honor.Means of social control-The personality of every person include two aspects ,namely I- internal ,which consist our ideas ,thinking, ideology, psychology, faiths etc and II- external aspect which is related with our external behavior. To control both aspects there are two types of control called informal and formal means of control. Informal means of control are family, play group ,religion, ,folkways, mores, customs, morals etc. Formal agencies of control are state laws ,educational organization ,propaganda, leadership ,etc. we will discuss on these points in detail.1-Family - The family fulfils many important functions in society, but the kinds of functions vary from one culture to another. In most societies, the family is the social unit into which children are born. The family also provides protection and training for the children. Human beings are born helpless and need care for several years after birth. Family life also helps children become familiar with the culture of their society.It is true family is first education institute of the society. Due to deep and reciprocal relationship among family members they are directly influence by each other. The day starts in family by various prayers and good wishes. Each member let others known that they are only well wishers .As family does sacrifice for other members so feeling of oneness works great. if some child does mischievous behavior with non-family members ,the affected people go to his family for complaint. It is very powerful means of control.2-Play group- age group and play group also control the all members. As membership of play group depends on similar goals ,therefore they directly give play instructions to each other. The more active and skillful in game is leader of the group ,therefore he gives training and other tips of game to junior or less trained persons. Play with discipline is first condition of the group. The discipline itself is means of control.3-Religion- Religion has been one of the most powerful forces in history. The teachings of religions have shaped the lives of people since prehistoric times. Judaism, Islam, and especially Christianity have been major influences in the formation of Western culture. These three faiths, particularly Islam, have also played a crucial role in the development of Middle Eastern culture. The cultures of Asia have been shaped by Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Shinto, and Taoism. Most religions have been influenced by older religions.In primitive societies this is the only means to control the behavior of members of community. In ancient societies even kings have ruled according to religious instructions. To follow moral values is related to religion. Even today court gives oath of religious book "Geeta" to persons who are at trial. The religion says involve own self in welfare activities so that person's rebirth will glorified. Religion is not only means of social control but it is also means of self control. In Hindus ,non vegetarian food is sin so one should avoid it. Therefore majority of Hindus do not like to have such food.4-Folways-these are recognized ways modes of behavior whicharise automatically with in a group. they are in general habits patterns of of the individuals and are common to a group.they are sanctioned and approved by society.No body tries to violate the rules of folkways.they are fundamentals for every group.A particular type food and dress should be used on particular day or function. During mourning period simple and white dress is preferable.Such dresses should be avoided at marriage parties.5 Mores-Mores have more rigidity than folkways.one can disobey folkways but one cannot disobey to mores. As mores has great role in establishing of marriage and family so ,it should strictly have to follow by such members. Mores have value judgment so always mould human behavior. They are instrument of control like Monogamy is mores.So no body can have more than one spouse during his life time. Mores are customs that reflect a society's ideas about right and wrong. Examples of mores include the prohibitions in many societies against murder, cannibalism, and incest (sexual relations between closely related persons). People who violate the mores of the society to which they belong face severe disapproval and punishment. The term mores comes from a Latin word that means customs.6-Customs-these are very strong means of control. Famous novelist Shakespeare has called it king of injustice, while Beckon has given it "name of chief judge of man's life" .Prohibition of inter-caste marriage, widow remarriage are some significant customs which are equally followed by educated families .7-Morals-Moral values play important role in society. Kind heart ,non-violence,justice,, speaking truth, respect to elders and helpful attitude are bsics of morals.these are means of self control.Informal means-8-State laws- Law is the set of enforced rules under which a society is governed. Law is one of the most basic social institutions--and one of the most necessary. No society could exist if all people did just as they pleased, without regard for the rights of others. Nor could a society exist if its members did not recognize that they also have certain obligations toward one another. The law thus establishes the rules that define a person's rights and obligations. The law also sets penalties for people who violate these rules, and it states how government shall enforce the rules and penalties. However, the laws enforced by government can be changed. In fact, laws frequently are changed to reflect changes in a society's needs and attitudes.This is very powerful tool of control. Law decides duties and rights of the person. The Anti social activities are well controlled by this way. Law means combination of Government ,police ,courts, and other local administration. Sometimes law also takes help from folkways and mores.9-Educational system-Schools and other educational systems play good role in controlling concerned people .In ancient times during Brahimcharya students an teachers had direct relations like family. and informal control was there. but now due to developed system of education there is formal control over students.10-Propogenda-Through this means repetition of requests and appeals influenced man perfectly.The way of expressing thoughts through TV and other electronic means are very attractive and polite.During election how people go for propogenda.This is psychological tool of controlling.11-Leadership- A leader of image has power to impress masses. This is the reason why various political parties called big leaders for election camping. Leader are not only political but ,they can be seen in every field. Leaders motivate the public for particular behavior .Religious leaders attracts crowd in their camps and tents. Medha Patekar and Kiran Bedi are some social leaders.Leadership is important in keeping the group working together and directing it to act in a certain way. Leadership skill is particularly important when conflicts arise. Leaders must use all their human relations skills to accommodate conflicting interests within their group. A group usually responds to its leader because it respects the leader's wisdom or experience or agrees with his or her opinion.dhruv tanwani ,Sociologist RanchiUnit II concept 4 Social ControlEvery society must have harmony and unity. without it no society actually could remain in existence. To maintain the society effectively ,it needs some rules and regulation. in other words behavior patters for members are essential. To obey and follow these rules and regulation society needs its implementation. There are various ways to implement such things. In other words we can say some special type of behavior is expected from members of society. Such expected or controlled behavior is called social control.Social control means , control of individual behavior by society, and that control of social institutions should be in the interest and welfare of the whole society. Some warnings and directions of prohibited activities, are an example of social controlSocial control refers to social mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior, leading to conformity and compliances to the rules of a given society or social group. Many mechanisms of social control are cross-cultural, if only in the control mechanisms used to prevent the establishment of chaos or anomie. Some theorists, such as Emile Durkheim, refer to this form of control as regulation.Definitions of Social Control.When we use this word, the ideas which generally comes in mind is of police .court ,law, force, prison of force and harassment. But in sociological term it is used in broader sense. Social control has been defined by MacIver as "the way in which entire social order coheres and maintain itself-how it operates as a whole ,as a changing equilibrium."1(Society p137)To Ogburn and Nimkoff;"the patterns of pressure which a society exerts to maintain order and established rules ."Landis defines social control,"as a social process by which individualis made group -responsive ,and by which social organization is built and maintained." (Social Control.p.4)Lumely expresses social control,"as the practice of putting forth directive, stimuli or wish-patterns, their accurate transmission to and adoptionby,other whethe voluntarily or in voluntarily."(Means of Socila control.p13.)On the basis of above definition it is cleared that social control is different from concept of self control. To undrstand more this concept. there are three important things to learn.1- social control is an influence ,which may be exerted through various means of control like public opinion, force, public appeal, social ,religious organizations.2- This influence should be implemented by society-there are so many groups who exercise this influence, like family, trade union church ,state, school ,neighborhood, clubs, religious groups etc.3- The influence should be exercised for promoting the welfare and interest of the entire group.Sociologists identify two basic forms of social controls1. Internalization of norms and values, and2. The use of sanctions, which can be either positive (rewards) or negative (punishment).Applications of social control theoryAccording to the propaganda model theory, the leaders of modern, corporate-dominated societies employ indoctrination as a means of social control. Theorists such as Noam Chomsky have argued that systematic bias exists in the modern media.[4] The marketing, advertising, and public relations industries have thus been said to utilize mass communications to aid the interests of certain business elites. Powerful economic and religious lobbyists have often used school systems and centralized electronic communications to influence public opinion. Democracy is restricted as the majority is not given the information necessary to make rational decisions about ethical, social, environmental, or economic issues. In order to maintain control and regulate their subjects, authoritarian organizations and governments promulgate rules and issue decrees. However, due to a lack of popular support for enforcement, these entities may rely more on force and other severe sanctions such as censorship, expulsion and limits on political freedom. Some totalitarian governments, such as the late Soviet Union or the current North Korea, rely on the mechanisms of the police state.Sociologists consider informal means of social control vital in maintaining public order, but also recognize the necessity of formal means as societies become more complex and for responding to emergencies. The study of social control falls primarily within the academic disciplines of anthropology, political science, and sociology.Importace and need of Social control-1- To maintain the old order is essential for every group.. Family helps in the realization of this objective. The elder members of the family enforce their ideas over the children. In religious and cultural functions senior members of family influence the behavior of youngers.2-To check maladjustment. Society is subject to change . New discoveries, new inventions, new philosophies continue to take birth in society. But all members have to adjusted, which is not automatically process but by guidelines of elders this progress takes place in family.3-To provide social sanction-there are numbers of folkways, mores, traditions, patterns exist in society .Every individual has to follow them. if any member violates the rules ,he is compelled through social control to observe them.4-To control individual behavior-Each and every person in family and society has different type of attitude ,thinking, ideology ,behavior patters. Even Same parents children have different ways of working. Therefore chances of clashing with other are more .Due to weapon f social control all members live peacefully together.5-To eastablishsocial unity- Without this weapon of social control all members peacefully live together, is mere dream. Generally all family members behave in same manner when food or other religious activity take place.6-To maintain permanency of the organization - there are some groups in society, which have great responsibilty to take efforts to make it permanent in nature. For example due to cultural clash inter caste marriage is not allowed in many families.If any member go against it,he has to leave that family.Types of Social Control-A-Direct and indirect control-According to Karl Menheim there are two types of control called Direct and indirect control. The direct control is done by near and dear ones or with whom we keep physical proximity. The parents neighborhood persons ,friends, teachers ,playgroup members are agencies of direct control With the help of suggestion, punishment, scolding crticism, appreciation ,reward this form does work. The control done by big organizations like police,law, state ,courts are form of indirect control.B-Positive and Negative control-According to Kimbal Young by positive control we mean control done by giving awards, appreciations, admiration, certificates etc.This can be seen in Military services and school. Positive control does not mean giving costly iteams to concerned persons. Giving piece of toffee to children do great work. The negative control consist physical punishment, fine, criticism ,isolation etc.Death sentence is example of physical punishment. For good work people get first type of awards and for disobeying rules they get punishment.C-Informal and formal social controlThe social values that are present in individuals are products of informal social control. It is exercised by a society without explicitly stating these rules and is expressed through customs, norms, and mores. Individuals are socialized whether consciously or subconsciously. During informal sanctions, ridicule or criticism cause a straying towards norms. Through this form of socialization, the person will internalize these mores and norms. Traditional society uses mostly informal social control embedded in its customary culture relying on the socialization of its members to establish social order. More rigidly-structured societies may place increased reliance on formal mechanisms. Informal sanctions may include ridicule, sarcasm, criticism and disapproval. In extreme cases sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion. This implied social control usually has more effect on individuals because they become internalized and thus an aspect of personality.As with formal controls, informal controls reward or punish acceptable or unacceptable behavior (i.e., deviance). Informal controls are varied and differ from individual to individual, group to group and society to society. For example, at a women's institute meeting, a disapproving look might convey the message that it is inappropriate to flirt with the minister. In a criminal gang, on the other hand, a stronger sanction would be applied in the case of someone threatening to inform to the police.[3]Formal social controlFormal social control is expressed through law as statutes, rules, and regulations against deviant behavior. It is conducted by government and organizations using law enforcement mechanisms and other formal sanctions such as fines and imprisonment.[2] In democratic societies the goals and mechanisms of formal social control are determined through legislation by elected representatives and thus enjoy a measure of support from the population and voluntary compliance. In short formal control is done by big and complicated organizations( law, court ,police, administration etc) while simple and less complicated societies have informal control arrangements(tradition, folkways, religion family etc).4- Autocratic and democratic control-On the basis of political system Lapiear has classified it in term of Autocratic and democratic control. In communist and patriarchal or monarchical societies, autocratic control exist, where keeping one motto in minds people are exploited and controlled by administrative agencies .In democratic control ,people's own representatives solve the problems through public opinion, conversations, public appeals etc. In democracy control form is more flexible. The rule or administration which is not in favor of welfare of society are removed by common consent.Mechanism of Social control-In sociology a mechanism is a set of rules designed to bring about a certain outcome through the interaction of a number of agents each of whom maximizes their own utility. Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ... "Control's real name is bondage. The logical conclusion would be, if giving up some rights produces a better society, then by giving up all our rights we could produce a perfect society." -( Citizens' Rule Book)"Man is born into society just as an ant is born into its ant-hill or a bee into its hive; man is born into society from the very moment that he takes his first step toward humanity, from the moment that he becomes a human being that is, a being possessing to a greater or lesser extent the power of thought and speech. Man does not choose society; on the contrary, he is the product of the latter, and he is just as inevitably subject to the natural laws governing his essential development as to all the other natural laws which he must obey." - Mikhail Bakunin"Society exists for the benefit of its members - not the members for the benefit of society." - Herbert SpencerThere are many ways which has been described by lapier to make social control more powerful; they are as follow-1-Control through physical punishment- In any political social system if any person dis-obeys the rules of state he is physically punished. Keeping person in jail or prison is example of physical punishment. Same way death sentence and boycotting by society are some examples of physical punishment.2- learners can recognize the direct effects of reward more easily than they can the effects of punishment; and (2) the by-products of reward are more favorable. For example, reward leads to liking the rewarded task, but punishment leads to dislike of the punished deed.Control through fine and reward.-In all the societies disobeying of rules are occurred. For this every society impose certain burdens on mankind. When these are financial in terms ,it is called fine. To encourage people to undertake desired activities ,which are making society in good shape, people get reward in form of money or prices etc.3-Social control through respect and crticism-Children learn most of their behaviors by associating them with consequences. If a child cries for a toy, he may get it (a pleasant consequence, a reward), or he may be punished for crying (an unpleasant consequence, a punishment). Either consequence, especially when repeated over time, can lead to a behavior pattern- the child cries when he wants something or he learns to hold back his crying. Pleasant consequences (rewards) are usually more effective behavior modifiers than unpleasant consequences (punishment). It is not only the type of reward, but also how it is used that determines how effective it will be. Rewards can be either tangible or intangible. Tangible rewards can include things like toys, books, favorite foods or other special gifts. At school it might be a sticker or a star on a good piece of work. For an older child, a financial reward is often a way of encouraging good behavior. Intangible rewards include praise, time with Mom or Dad for a special activity, or it can be something as simple as extra play, TV or computer time. Showing interest in completed work and projects, or in schoolwork in general are intangible rewards that can work.4- Social control through insulting and honoring- The reward must also be meaningful to the child. What we think of as a privilege for one child may in fact may be a punishment for another and vice versa. Staying in from recess may be punishment for the child who is outgoing, but may be a blessing in disguise for the shy child. Some dos and don'ts of using rewards and punishment include: Reward only occasionally and vary the reward. Overuse leads to ineffectiveness.Reward extra effort. When your child does more than expected, and is rewarded for it, the reward becomes motivation to continue to go beyond the call of duty. Same way insult a student in class is good punishment and give piece of pencil to another child is good honor.Means of social control-The personality of every person include two aspects ,namely I- internal ,which consist our ideas ,thinking, ideology, psychology, faiths etc and II- external aspect which is related with our external behavior. To control both aspects there are two types of control called informal and formal means of control. Informal means of control are family, play group ,religion, ,folkways, mores, customs, morals etc. Formal agencies of control are state laws ,educational organization ,propaganda, leadership ,etc. we will discuss on these points in detail.1-Family - The family fulfils many important functions in society, but the kinds of functions vary from one culture to another. In most societies, the family is the social unit into which children are born. The family also provides protection and training for the children. Human beings are born helpless and need care for several years after birth. Family life also helps children become familiar with the culture of their society.It is true family is first education institute of the society. Due to deep and reciprocal relationship among family members they are directly influence by each other. The day starts in family by various prayers and good wishes. Each member let others known that they are only well wishers .As family does sacrifice for other members so feeling of oneness works great. if some child does mischievous behavior with non-family members ,the affected people go to his family for complaint. It is very powerful means of control.2-Play group- age group and play group also control the all members. As membership of play group depends on similar goals ,therefore they directly give play instructions to each other. The more active and skillful in game is leader of the group ,therefore he gives training and other tips of game to junior or less trained persons. Play with discipline is first condition of the group. The discipline itself is means of control.3-Religion- Religion has been one of the most powerful forces in history. The teachings of religions have shaped the lives of people since prehistoric times. Judaism, Islam, and especially Christianity have been major influences in the formation of Western culture. These three faiths, particularly Islam, have also played a crucial role in the development of Middle Eastern culture. The cultures of Asia have been shaped by Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Shinto, and Taoism. Most religions have been influenced by older religions.In primitive societies this is the only means to control the behavior of members of community. In ancient societies even kings have ruled according to religious instructions. To follow moral values is related to religion. Even today court gives oath of religious book "Geeta" to persons who are at trial. The religion says involve own self in welfare activities so that person's rebirth will glorified. Religion is not only means of social control but it is also means of self control. In Hindus ,non vegetarian food is sin so one should avoid it. Therefore majority of Hindus do not like to have such food.4-Folways-these are recognized ways modes of behavior whicharise automatically with in a group. they are in general habits patterns of of the individuals and are common to a group.they are sanctioned and approved by society.No body tries to violate the rules of folkways.they are fundamentals for every group.A particular type food and dress should be used on particular day or function. During mourning period simple and white dress is preferable.Such dresses should be avoided at marriage parties.5 Mores-Mores have more rigidity than folkways.one can disobey folkways but one cannot disobey to mores. As mores has great role in establishing of marriage and family so ,it should strictly have to follow by such members. Mores have value judgment so always mould human behavior. They are instrument of control like Monogamy is mores.So no body can have more than one spouse during his life time. Mores are customs that reflect a society's ideas about right and wrong. Examples of mores include the prohibitions in many societies against murder, cannibalism, and incest (sexual relations between closely related persons). People who violate the mores of the society to which they belong face severe disapproval and punishment. The term mores comes from a Latin word that means customs.6-Customs-these are very strong means of control. Famous novelist Shakespeare has called it king of injustice, while Beckon has given it "name of chief judge of man's life" .Prohibition of inter-caste marriage, widow remarriage are some significant customs which are equally followed by educated families .7-Morals-Moral values play important role in society. Kind heart ,non-violence,justice,, speaking truth, respect to elders and helpful attitude are bsics of morals.these are means of self control.Informal means-8-State laws- Law is the set of enforced rules under which a society is governed. Law is one of the most basic social institutions--and one of the most necessary. No society could exist if all people did just as they pleased, without regard for the rights of others. Nor could a society exist if its members did not recognize that they also have certain obligations toward one another. The law thus establishes the rules that define a person's rights and obligations. The law also sets penalties for people who violate these rules, and it states how government shall enforce the rules and penalties. However, the laws enforced by government can be changed. In fact, laws frequently are changed to reflect changes in a society's needs and attitudes.This is very powerful tool of control. Law decides duties and rights of the person. The Anti social activities are well controlled by this way. Law means combination of Government ,police ,courts, and other local administration. Sometimes law also takes help from folkways and mores.9-Educational system-Schools and other educational systems play good role in controlling concerned people .In ancient times during Brahimcharya students an teachers had direct relations like family. and informal control was there. but now due to developed system of education there is formal control over students.10-Propogenda-Through this means repetition of requests and appeals influenced man perfectly way of expressing thoughts through TV and other electronic means are very attractive and polite.During election how people go for propogenda.This is psychological tool of controlling.11-Leadership- A leader of image has power to impress masses. This is the reason why various political parties called big leaders for election camping. Leader are not only political but ,they can be seen in every field. Leaders motivate the public for particular behavior .Religious leaders attracts crowd in their camps and tents. Medha Patekar and Kiran Bedi are some social leaders.Leadership is important in keeping the group working together and directing it to act in a certain way. Leadership skill is particularly important when conflicts arise. Leaders must use all their human relations skills to accommodate conflicting interests within their group. A group usually responds to its leader because it respects the leader's wisdom or experience or agrees with his or her opinion.

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