Evolution

There are no pure Neanderthals today; they died out as a group probably tens of thousands of years ago. But all the current evidence points to the belief that they were real indeed. They were so real that we all have some Neanderthal DNA in us resulting from the interbreeding that took place.

Added:

The estimate on the last Neanderthal population's die out is at about thirty seven thousand years ago.

Reflex covers a lot of ground, so an example of a simple reflex in times of possible danger. If one sees a stick on the trail in snake country ( assume poison snake country ) one reflexively jumps to one side regardless and knowing afterwards that this is stick instead of a snake keeps one alive anyway. Humans evolved in snake countries as out ancestors dod and the organism that reflexively jumped away, snake or stick, is the organism that left more decedents that had the same reflex.

The genus Homo first appeared in the fossil record around 2.5 million years ago in Africa. Anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) appeared around 200,000 years ago.

Carolinus Linneas. Swedish and the father of taxonomy. Basically, we use his binomial system to this day.

Lamarck's theory of evolution proposed that traits acquired during the lifetime of the parent were genetically passed on to children. Some animal might, according to Lamarck's theory, learn a novel way of obtaining food, and then its children would be born with this novel mechanism already in place.

Darwin, contrarily, proposed that lineages evolved new traits though natural selection: by the elimination of lineages that do *not* possess a certain trait.

Darwin's theory made it clear that ancestral relationships existed between species, and the use of these relationships became the overarching consideration of classification schemes. It wasn't until the "modern synthesis" of molecular biology that we were able to resolve some conflicts inherent in classification schemes based solely on interpreted physiological relationships.

Linnaeus had made great strides in the design of the hierarchical taxonomy, and that taxonomy compellingly demonstrated the existence of evolutionary change.

Because that comet, which sent many dinosaurs into extinction, caused the mammals to go through a large adaptive radiation event that allowed the vast variation in mammals we see today, especially the variations called apes.

Some popular theories of entrepreneurship include effectuation theory, which focuses on how entrepreneurs make decisions under uncertainty; opportunity recognition theory, which looks at how entrepreneurs identify and exploit opportunities; and social network theory, which emphasizes the importance of social connections in the entrepreneurial process. Each theory offers different insights into the behaviors and strategies of entrepreneurs.

The influence of providing an explanatory mechanism for what was obvious to Darwin; species arose and species went extinct.

System theory focuses on understanding systems as a whole, emphasizing interactions and relationships among components. It considers feedback loops, emergence of properties at the system level, and the interconnectedness of parts within a system. System theory is used to analyze complex systems across various disciplines, helping to identify patterns, behaviors, and dynamics within the system.

Unfortunately, the evolution of man cannot be traced in a continuous way. This is why many people doubt that the theory of evolution is more than a theory. Scientific evidence does follow the evolution of man but there are gaps that are not explained.

Morphological evidence.
Genetic and genomic evidence.
Geographical evidence.

Actually, it was Lamarck who earlier introduced the giraffe as an example for evolution - Lamarckian evolution, to be sure. Lamarck proposed that there was some mechanism by which the short-necked ancestors of giraffes could acquire a change such that their offspring would have necks better suited to their needs. Darwin applied natural selection to the same example mainly because it had already been discussed in such detail.

Pro: new niches become available; species will have the ability to diversify and occupying those niches.

Con: you have to kill off some species for those niches to become available.
Con: in terms of biosphere stability, it's always better to have more diversity than less.
Con: in terms of gene survival, it's always better to have more diversity than less.

I'm not sure there are any pros worth the cons of this...

Cuvier was a proponent of catastrophism. Not so much a theory of evolution as an " explanation " of where all the fossil evidence that was being found then came from. Curvier posited that a series of catastrophes to the whole earth happened and every time they happened god repopulated the world with newer type organisms. Totally baseless and refuted by the evidence.

A starfish fits into the cladogram because invertebrates are being with exoskeletons or no skeletons at all it fits into the invertebrate part of the cladogram

The use and disuse theory was proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, a French naturalist, in the early 19th century. Lamarck suggested that organisms could pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring. This theory contrasted with Darwin's theory of natural selection and is now largely discredited.

Genes play a critical role in evolution by influencing an organism's traits and characteristics. Changes in genes over generations (mutations, genetic drift, etc.) can lead to new variations that may be advantageous in certain environments, thus driving evolution. The environment also plays a significant role by selecting for certain traits that enhance an organism's survival and reproduction, shaping the direction of evolution.

Carl Linnaeus was the first to devise a consistent, comprehensive system of classification for animals. He noticed that life seems to be organized in a set of nested hierarchies: groups within groups, within groups, each group having the basal characteristics of the larger group, as well as a set of characteristics uniquely identifying that group within the larger group. His only point of reference was the morphology of living things. His findings, although he was basically a creationist, were key in developing subsequent theories of evolution. Today, we know that these nested hierarchies do not just apply to the morphological characteristics of life, but to the genetic and behavioural as well.

24 November 1859

On The Origin Of Species By Means Of Natural Selection Or The Preservation Of Favored Races In The Struggle For Life

Races means species.

That it is a random process when natural selection is involved, that the process is directed and plans for future evolutionary changes, that the process is always very slow, that the process reaches a plateau and goes no further and, finally, that man is somehow not subject to evolutionary processes, at least his mind is not so subjected.

Answer 1

Transformation hypothesis:

Evolution is the change in allele frequency over time in a population of organisms.

This is an observed and observable fact.

Natural selection is the nonrandom survival and reproductive success of randomly varying organisms. This is a theory, not a hypothesis.

Natural selection is the adaptive change driver of evolution by adapting individuals to their environment so they are reproductively more successful than their con-specifics and their genes are more frequently represented in the next generations of the population; evolution.

Answer 2

To my knowledge, there is no such thing as the "transformation hypothesis of evolution". Especially note that evolution does not describe any kind of transformation, but a process of undirected, gradual change over generations. Using the term 'transformation' might instil inaccurate ideas about what evolution is, and what evolutionary theory states about it.

One of the strongest reasons he had for thinking natural selection was the driving force of evolution in fact he started his book with this concept, was artificial selection. Breeders had long know that traits were heritable and they could select for the traits they wanted by just mating the favored organisms. From this example Darwin knew that acquired traits were neither heritable or selectable.

S2/V3

Sets the size of cells for one thing as the volume can not grow too greatly over the surface area of a cell as the cell would not be able to import nutrients and export wastes.