Evolution

Vestigial structures are structures that no longer fulfill their original purpose. Take wisdom teeth in humans as an example of this. At one time, as we know from the fossil record, human jaws were larger and could accommodate those wisdom teeth. As jaws became smaller wisdom teeth erupted into too small a mouth more and more times over human evolution until very few mouths can accommodate the onset of these teeth and they now are generally pulled at eruption. So, we can see the history of human evolution in our teeth!

Not closely. However, depending on how far down the evolutionary ladder you go, you will find a common ancestor. It may be just a clump of moss but it's there.

Mutations often occur without evolution. Every human child, for example, has dozens of new mutations that he/she did not inherit from his/her parents. Evolution is dependent on a statistically significant change in allele frequencies. In layman's terms, the species - in general - has to change for evolution to have occurred.

Here is an example: Right now, how many legs do dogs have? They have 4 legs. Is this true or ALL dogs? No, but in general dogs have 4 legs. Most dogs have 4 legs. If a puppy were born with 5 legs, it would be a "weird" dog. Just because it has a new mutation does not mean dogs have evolved.

However, if you were to go to the future 100 years from now and find out that dogs now have 5 legs. It is now 'normal' for dogs to have 5 legs. A dog born with only 4 legs is a 'weird' dog. - Then evolution has occurred. The species (dogs) has changed (in general).

*The change has to be "statistically significant" within the species to count. If dogs change from 1% having 5 legs to 2% having 5 legs, it's probably not significant. If it changes from 1% to 90% that is very significant. Those examples are obvious, but where do you draw the line? You will learn how to find out significance in statistics class.

A mutation could potentially lead to evolution, but every mutation is not guaranteed to cause evolution. In fact, most mutations do NOT lead to evolution. It entirely depends on the gene, the mutation, the species, and things like: the environment (natural selection), human choice (artificial selection), or chance (genetic drift). Most mutations are either unnoticed (occur in dormant genes, or they do not make a difference in protein structure or function), or they are harmful. It's a lot easier to mess something up than to improve it.

*Keep in mind however, all evolution is not better. That is not part of the definition. Evolution is just change in the species over time. Natural selection is usually evolution that's improvement. People often assume that natural selection and evolution are the same, but they are not. Evolution can be harmful or just neutral. For example, if I keep breeding dogs that are blind, I can evolve dogs to include blindness as a normal trait. However, that would be detrimental to the life of dogs now.

The discontinuities in the fossil record that seemed to show that some species or taxons were in a state of non-evolution and then seemed to go through a burst of rapid evolutionary change. This is really only seen in the fossil record and does not have a lot of support in disciplines such as molecular genetic, which genetic divergence back through time in today's genomes.

Cenozoic * Recent (Holocene) * Pleistocene * Pliocene * Miocene * Oligocene * Eocene * Paleocene Mesozoic Mesozoic * Cretaceous * Jurassic * Triassic Paleozoic * Permian * Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian Mississippian) * Devonian * Silurian * Ordovician * Cambrian Pre-Cambrian You can remember this using the following mnemonic (starting at the bottom)

Camels ordinarily sit down carefully perhaps their joints creek probably early oiling will prevent permanent rheumatism. For a more detailed view of this look in the related link below.

Are most adapted to their environment. This may also be described as filling a "niche," meaning they are the best at a particular way of surviving, such as cheetahs being incredibly fast, insects being poisonous, or humans being very intelligent.

Technically humans do have four legs, however, when we evolved the muscles in our legs grew stronger and longer allowing us to be able to stand upright. Due to the body capacity of cattle and how they are designed they are not able to stand upright.

It is a theory because it is a comprehensive, well-supported model explaining a well-defined set of independently verifiable observations in an independently verifiable and falsifiable manner.

According to the way most people think about evolution, species evolve because they are becoming more adapted to their environments (natural selection). This is adaptive evolution. Evolution, however, can also happen for reasons other than natural selection. For instance, sexual selection often has little to do with adaptation to the environment (in many species, the colors or loud calls of males attract females for mating but also attract predators; a sexual advantage often does not correspond to an environmental advantage). Sexual selection impacts evolution but has nothing to do with adapting to the environment.

The classic example of nonadaptive evolution is genetic drift, in which sheer chance leads to changes in the frequencies of alleles. Evolution occurs because the frequencies are changing, but the alleles are not changing for any reasons of adaptation; it is just random luck.

To develop new species by making the isolated groups change with their environment, separated from others of their species. Eventually the isolated group will change so much they wont be able to reproduce with the others, making a new species.

Analogous structure supports evolution because some of these structure may have existed long ago, however not all analogous structure support the same evolutionary path.

Mainly that animals can change their own forms over time and that these traits are inherited by their offspring. A classic example is of a giraffe making its neck longer and longer by stretching for food that is high in the trees. These individuals would then produce children with long necks.

This concept of evolution is incorrect because individuals do not have conscious control over physiological changes to their body structure, and these conscious changes would definitely not be inheritable by offspring. Change is caused by random mutation in genes. Changes in body structure only happen at the group level because individuals born with an advantageous trait will produce more children than those who don't.

However, it should be noted that the newly emerging field of Epigenetics shows that Lamarck was at least partly right. The environment in which an individual lives can determine when or if a gene is activated. This can be passed on to offspring.

It was previously thought that the early stages of the human embryo were similar to those found in other types of creatures (Haeckel's diagrams), but it has now been shown that this is not quite conclusive (google "Haeckel diagram fraud"). There is still a lot of research going on in this area, and the data is constantly changing.

After the earth was created, there was just one gigantic ocean. At some point, single-celled organisms formed - the first plants. They made their own energy using the sun and carbon doixide (photosynthesis) and one of the waste products was oxygen. As they multiplied, more and more oxygen was produced, forming the start of today's atmosphere.

there are ...

deserts

polar regions

They are made by earth ...

things like earthquakes and wars and stuff are caused by man

I hope this helped

Because some religions say one thing while scientific evidence says another. Neither group can accept the other's point of view, since they are simply incompatible.

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I think it is because they see Creationism and Evolutionism as mutually exclusive rather than supportive of each other. Many people who believe in evolution are atheists, but despite the rumors about him, Charles Darwin was not. Many people who believe in special creation talk of God creating man in his own image, but they are so preoccupied with the physical image that they forget about the spiritual image. They represent two extremes to which a person is expected to choose one or the other.

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I would have to say that throughout human history there has never been a single unanimous agreement, at least not in areas where speculation has room to maneuver.

This question could almost be phrased "why doesn't everyone believe in Jesus?" Or perhaps, "why isn't everyone as objective as science?"

I personally think people find some status in disagreeing, especially if the disagreement is well thought out and eloquent (or backed by aggression). Agreeing with someone about something you did not know prior gives them the status of having contributed to you, while passing such to another lends the same. There is power in agreement, some are more loath to give it up than others.

This is a very lame answer, but I believe the question to be without any single right answer.

Guarantee? No. If there is not sufficient variance genetically by recombination and mutation in the immediate environment then nothing will speciate. But geographic barriers are very likely to aid speciation.

FeO

Oxides of iron only came on the scene well after there were trace fossils of organisms that we can reasonable assume did not use oxygen fueled metabolisms.

They are not, in themselves. Natural selection is inferred from realtime observations of natural and experimental populations, as well as geographical distribution of traits. However, using this knowledge derived from observing realtime selection, we can formulate and test hypotheses about past selection against modern genomes.

Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species (biology) spatially (geography) and temporally (history). Biogeography aims to reveal where organisms live, at what abundance, and why they are or are no) found in a certain geographical area.

Biogeography does not support the theory of evolution any more then when (history) you (biology) moved into your house (geography).

Every animal that is alive today has adapted. many people believe different things the main cause is due to habitat and feeding conditions like bats have no sight but use high pitch noises to see where they are flying it is called sonar many other animals and machinary also use this method like radar

Cystic fibrosis and other autosomal recessive diseases are not commonly put forward as strong evidential support for the theory of evolution, but being recessive, there is little negative selection pressure to remove the implicated mutations from the gene pool. Another factor to consider is that there are some indications of heterozygous advantage in the form of resistance to cholera, typhoid, diarrhea, and tuberculosis.

Try this one ... only a sadist would have designed mosquitoes and lice.

With evolution you don't get to assume that humans are special ... it's all just a big something : experiment, accident, game?

Thomas Hunt Morgan?

Probably because working with his flies he saw large mutational events that lead him to a saltationist position. That the greatest driving force in evolution is mutation. He was a geneticist before the new synthesis showed the true power of natural selection.