Evolution

Basically it is because they die and any mutations in germ lines, genetic recombinations and any beneficial variations die with them. Only populations evolve because the frequency of alleles in population gene pools change over time due to the selection of individuals who pass on these frequency changing traits to progeny.

Sure! An example of microevolution would be the change in wing color of a population of butterflies over several generations due to natural selection. On the other hand, an example of macroevolution would be the development of a new species from a population of organisms over millions of years, such as the evolution of whales from land-dwelling mammals.

French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution conflicted with Darwin's theory. Lamarck proposed that acquired characteristics could be passed down to offspring, while Darwin's theory emphasized natural selection and gradual change over generations.

Yes, Herbert Spencer attempted to apply the theory of biological evolution to sociology by proposing that societies evolve in a similar way to organisms, with those that are better adapted to their environment surviving and progressing. He believed that social progress was achieved through competition and natural selection, a concept he termed "social Darwinism."

The organisms in the environment will likely adapt to the conditions present, potentially evolving new traits or behaviors to thrive. Competition for resources may lead to some species outcompeting others, leading to shifts in population sizes. Environmental changes and disturbances can also impact the ecosystem's composition and structure over time.

A species' survival depends on it's ability to stay within the parameters set by external stimuli and biotic & abiotic factors.

The faster a species can adapt to stay within these parameters, the more effective it will be in that environment, and the better it's chance is for survival.

Larmark's theory was based on the idea that organisms inherited characteristics that they had acquired in life - so, if you have a scar your offspring will have scars. Darwin's theory assumed that offspring inherited characteristics from their parents, but they were more likely to survive to breed if there was advantage to those characteristics.

Mutations are the most important type of genetic change for evolution. Mutations create genetic variation within a population, which is the raw material for natural selection to act upon, driving evolutionary change.

In the atmosphere, in the upper layers of waters, basically everywhere where there's enough of the component elements, energy and convection available.

Note that recent observations in astronomy have shown massive amounts of organic molecules to be present about newly formed star systems, so it's very well possible that some organic molecules were transported to Earth by comets, etc.

Natural selection is, simply put, the nonrandom survival and reproductive success of randomly varying organisms.

Variation

more born than can survive

better adapted selected

traits passed on to progeny

alleles change in populations over time

Evolution is a slow ongoing process that involves changes in the genetic makeup of populations over generations. These changes can lead to the adaptation of organisms to their environment and the formation of new species. The process of evolution is driven by natural selection, genetic drift, and other factors that act on the variability within populations.

A species evolves over time through the process of natural selection acting on individuals within a population. Individuals themselves do not evolve, as evolution refers to changes in the genetic composition of a population over generations.

Miroevolution is the change in allele frequency overtime in populations of organisms not leading to speciation; below the taxa level. Macroevolution is speciation.

This terminology is not favored by many biologists because there is some implied difference in processes. That is to get from micro to macro. Actually evolution long enough is macro. So, many biologist prefer the terms.

Evolution

Speciation

instead of micro and macro

Evolution was tinkering with gene regulation to drive changes in morphology and physiology. Michael Levine contributed by studying how these changes are regulated by enhancer elements and transcription factors, providing insights into how genetic instructions lead to the development and evolution of different species.

Overproduction of offspring means overproduction of variants that can not all live on the resources in their immediate environment. Thus those organisms who can survive to be reproductively successful in a limited resource environment are naturally selected for and pass these traits on to their offspring.

Scientists look for evidence of evolution in the fossil record, by studying similarities in DNA sequences among different species, by observing adaptations in living organisms, and by studying natural selection and genetic drift.

The founder of the theory of natural selection is Charles Darwin. Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed a similar theory of natural selection around the same time as Darwin, leading to both scientists presenting their work together in a joint paper in 1858.

Predation exerts selective pressure on prey populations, favoring individuals with traits that enhance their survival and reproduction. This leads to the evolution of adaptive features like camouflage, speed, or defensive mechanisms in prey species over time, improving their chances of survival and reproductive success in the face of predation pressure. As a result, predators drive the evolution of prey species towards better adaptation to evade or defend against predation, ultimately shaping the genetic makeup of prey populations.

Cytochrome c is a protein present in all aerobic organisms, and its sequence is highly conserved across species. By comparing the amino acid sequences of cytochrome c among different organisms, scientists can infer evolutionary relationships. The similarities and differences in cytochrome c sequences provide evidence for common ancestry and the process of evolution.

Organisms that only mate with their own kind are called "reproductively isolated" or "reproductively compatible" species. This behavior helps maintain genetic integrity within a species and prevents hybridization with other species.

A shorter generation time typically leads to a faster evolution rate because organisms can produce more offspring in a shorter amount of time, increasing the frequency of mutations and opportunities for natural selection to act. Conversely, a longer generation time can slow down evolution as changes are passed on less frequently to future generations.

There is no reason to think the same forces that shaped species in ages past are not still at operation. These forces are genetic drift and natural selection. And we find them still in operation, gradually modifying the phenotype of species. US sparrows, descended from European sparrows, have accumulated slight differences over just a few centuries. Drug resistance in various pathogenic bacteria is another example.

Replication is inexact--every individual is slightly different from its parents, and these changes accumulate.

One key piece of biochemical evidence supporting evolution is the similarity of genetic material across different species. For example, DNA analysis shows a high degree of similarity in the genes of humans and other primates, supporting the idea of a common ancestor. Additionally, the presence of vestigial structures and genes in organisms further supports the idea of evolution, as these features are remnants from ancestral forms.