Ammunition

A "dud" is a term used to describe a bullet that impacts a target but fails to have any effect, typically due to a malfunction or issue with the round's firing mechanism.

Apart from the speed of light, there really isn't any definite limit. Using technologies like rail guns or light gas cannons bullets can be accelerated to many times the speed of sound.

The velocity limit of cast bullets is dependant more on the hardness of the alloy than anything else. The use of gas checks should increase the limit by 300 to 400 fps. I use an alloy of 95% wheel weights and 5% bar solder. My limit is1400 fps for plain base and 1800 fps for gas checks before leading becomes a problem. Cleaning the bore often will help.

Well, remember that, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In an automatic firearm, this will be enhanced by the action, which exerts force against the bolt carrier or slide to cycle it.

Outer space is not TOTALLY empty- simply CLOSE to empty. The space between stars has a tiny amount of dust and a few atoms of hydrogen. Eventually the bullet would hit something, or be slowed by friction. May take a few million years to do that......

A typical 9mm bullet travels at a velocity of around 1,200 feet per second when fired from a handgun. This can vary depending on the specific type of ammunition used and the barrel length of the firearm.

Good question. Like many questions, the answer is, "It depends." It depends on how it is loaded, what powders are used, what bullet weight is used, and when the velocity is measured. For example, sitting in the chamber, the velocity is 0 feet per second. Ha ha. But, let's assume you meant "maximum velocity", which occurs just as the projectile exits the muzzle of the gun. A muzzle loading rifle, using a .50 caliber projectile and black powder, will have relatively slower muzzle velocities than .50 caliber modern cartridges. With modern powders and rifles, at the muzzle, the velocity may be as high as almost 3,000 feet per second. Shooters who load their own cartridges can achieve any velocity in between those extremes. Once the projectile leaves the muzzle, it begins slowing down from air friction until it reaches 0 feet per second again, on impact. Funny, but true.

The speed of a hollow point bullet can vary depending on the caliber and type of firearm it is fired from. On average, handgun bullets can travel at speeds ranging from 800 feet per second (fps) to 1500 fps, while rifle bullets can reach speeds of up to 4000 fps or more.

Trajectory of a bullet in flight is governed by a combination of the initial speed, the ballistic coefficient of the bullet, the angle at which it is fired, and external factors such as air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and air pressure. Ballistic coefficient is a value assigned based on the bullet shape and its length to diameter. A bullet with a higher ballistic coefficency will retain energy (speed) better than one with a low BC. There are several computer programs that can be used in the speed and BC (the major factors) are known.

Bullets fired from a rifled firearm should NOT tumble in flight. If they do so, it is a sign of problems.

This may be caused by different matters that all relate to the rifling in the firearm, and the bullet.

First is rifling is badly worn, if the bore is oversized for the bullet, or if rifling is badly fouled with lead/ jacketing metal/powder deposits, the bullet will not be gripped by the rifling and spun, and may not be stable in flight (tumbling) Try cleaning the bore properly, and check for excessive wear at the muzzle.

The second condition is the wrong weight/length of bullet for the rate of twist of the rifling. A fast rate of twist, combined with a very fast bullet, MAY result in the bullet "stripping", and not being spun by the rifling. Or a very heavy, slow bullet may not be spun fast enough to stabilize the bullet. Most .22 rimfire rifles are rifled to shoot 40 grain bullets accurately. If loaded with a 60 grain bullet, such as the Aguilla 60 gr SSS, the bullet will not be stabilized, and may tumble in flight.

To find the vertical height the pendulum rises, you can use the principle of conservation of energy. The initial kinetic energy of the bullet is converted into potential energy at the highest point of the swing. Use the equation: mgh = 0.5mv^2, where m is the mass of the pendulum, h is the vertical height, and v is the velocity of the bullet. Calculate the vertical height h to determine how high the pendulum rises.

There are spiral grooves engraved on the inside of a rilfe or pistol barrel. When a bullet is fired, it is forced into those grooves, which impart a spin to the bullet. The grooves are called rifling.

No- or minimal at best. Acceleration of the bullet comes from gas expanding inside the barrel, pushing the bullet. Once it leaves the barrel, (or within a VERY short distance) gas is no longer pushing, and acceleration stops, and bullet begins to slow from air resistance.

To reduce the velocity of a bullet in air, you can increase the drag force acting on the bullet by using a heavier or more aerodynamically shaped bullet, or by increasing the air density (e.g., shooting at higher altitudes). Additionally, you can decrease the initial muzzle velocity of the bullet by using a lower-powered cartridge or firearm.

Yaw refers to the rotation or deviation of a bullet's long axis from its original flight path. This can occur when a bullet destabilizes in flight, causing it to lose accuracy and potentially tumble upon impact. Yaw affects a bullet's stability and terminal ballistics.

Newton said "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." The action is pushing the bullet in one direction. Reaction is the gun being pushed in the other. The energy is speed times mass. The gun masses much more than the bullet, and so will move proportionately slower than the bullet. Which is a very good thing- or the recoil of the gun would kill the shooter.

The speed at which a bullet drops due to gravity depends on multiple factors, including the caliber of the bullet, the initial velocity at which it was fired, and the angle at which it was shot. Generally, bullets drop at a rate of about 9.8 m/s² due to gravity. Wind resistance can also influence the rate of drop.

There is no single answer to this question. It will depend on the cartridge, and the characteristics of the powder and bullet being fired.

For instance, the 40 gr 22 Long Rifle cartridge accelerates from the moment of firing, until it travels about 12 inches. The gas produced by firing reaches it's max expansion, and the bullet now begins to SLOW to some degree from friction with the barrel.

Acceleration is NOT uniform with any firearm cartridge- if graphed it would be a curve with a very sharp spike.

Yes, a bullet fired straight up in the air can be lethal when it falls back down to the ground. The force of gravity causes the bullet to accelerate as it falls, potentially reaching a lethal velocity. This phenomenon is known as a "stray bullet" injury.

The fastest bullet speed belongs to the .220 Swift, reaching about 4,665 feet per second (1,422 meters per second).

No one answer to your question. This would depend on the particular alloy of titanium, how it is treated, and the bullet that it is trying to stop. Some very large caliber armor piercing bullets are VERY hard to stop.

1). Your speed in the forward direction should increase somewhat, since the recoil of the shot adds to your momentum. 2). The bullet you fire in the reverse direction leaves the muzzle with full muzzle velocity and momentum in the reverse direction ... in your frame of reference. Viewed by an observer in the stationary frame of reference ... the one in which you are moving at the speed of a bullet ... the one you fire just dribbles out of the muzzle and falls straight to the ground.

The force required to fire a 9mm bullet is generated by the gunpowder in the cartridge. When the firing pin strikes the primer, the gunpowder ignites, producing expanding gases that propel the bullet down the barrel. This force is typically measured in pounds or newtons.

No. The size-weight of the bullet also affects the knockdown power.

Power, kinetic energy, force and momentum: they are all related, and each one carries a 'mass' component.

It is, more expressly. the size of the Force or momentum of a moving object that determines its affect on other objects; and force and momentum are directly determined by both - the speed of the moving object and the size of its mass.

As it requires a greater force to move the larger bullet in the first place, which therefore means greater energy expended to do so, so at the other end that greater energy is conserved in the larger bullet, and therefore hits its target with greater force and energy.

When a bullet is fired from a gun, Newton's third law is applied as the bullet and the gun experience equal and opposite forces. The force pushing the bullet out of the gun is equal to the force pushing the gun backward, causing recoil. This relationship between the bullet and the gun follows the principle of momentum conservation.