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Cognitive Development
Cognitive development focuses on a child's mental development. This includes language learning, information processing, reasoning and problem solving, and other related issues. Jean Piaget was very influential in the field of cognitive development. Her theory on schemas helped to shape the study.
546 Questions
Society. Piaget emphasized the stages of learning, including the factors of brain growth.
Vygotsky emphasized the need for societal interaction on development, especially during "critical periods", which was a large criticism of Piaget. Vygotsky claimed that after a certain point, learning relies on societal examples, otherwise we never get past basics. A perfect example is the "Geanie" case, of a girl who's father kept her shut in a room, tied in a crib or on a potty chair, until she was 13 years old. She had no ability for speech, and many things we see as basic fact she had no understanding of.
To understand development through Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, one must consider the interconnected systems and contexts that influence an individual's growth. This involves examining the interplay between the individual and their immediate environment, as well as the broader societal and cultural influences. By taking a holistic approach and considering these multiple layers of influence, a more comprehensive understanding of development can be achieved.
Lev Vygotsky believed that cognitive development occurs through social interactions where individuals collaborate to solve problems. According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, these interactions play a crucial role in the development of higher mental functions and learning. This collaborative process is known as the zone of proximal development, where individuals learn from more knowledgeable peers or adults.
How did Piaget think cognitive development affect education?
Piaget's theories have had a major impact on the theory and practice of education (Case, 1998). First, the theories focused attention on the idea of developmentally appropriate education-an education with environments, curriculum, materials, and instruction that are suitable for students in terms of their physical and cognitive abilities and their social and emotional needs (Elkind, 1989). In addition, several major approaches to curriculum and instruction are explicitly based on Piagetian theory (Berrueta-Clement, Schweinhart, Barnett, Epstein, & Weikart, 1984), and this theory has been influential in constructivist models of learning, which will be described in Chapter 8. Berk (2001) summarizes the main teaching implications drawn from Piaget as follows:
- A focus on the process of children's thinking, not just its products. In addition to checking the correctness of children's answers, teachers must understand the processes children use to get to the answer. Appropriate learning experiences build on children's current level of cognitive functioning, and only when teachers appreciate children's methods of arriving at particular conclusions are they in a position to provide such experiences.
- Recognition of the crucial role of children's self-initiated, active involvement in learning activities. In a Piagetian classroom the presentation of ready-made knowledge is deemphasized, and children are encouraged to discover for themselves through spontaneous interaction with the environment. Therefore, instead of teaching didactically, teachers provide a rich variety of activities that permit children to act directly on the physical world.
- A de-emphasis on practices aimed at making children adult like in their thinking. Piaget referred to the question "How can we speed up development?" as "the American question." Among the many countries he visited, psychologists and educators in the United States seemed most interested in what techniques could be used to accelerate children's progress through the stages. Piagetian-based educational programs accept his firm belief that premature teaching could be worse than no teaching at all, because it leads to superficial acceptance of adult formulas rather than true cognitive understanding (May & Kundert, 1997).
- Acceptance of individual differences in developmental progress. Piaget's theory assumes that all children go through the same developmental sequence but that they do so at different rates. Therefore, teachers must make a special effort to arrange classroom activities for individuals and small groups of children rather than for the total class group. In addition, because individual differences are expected, assessment of children's educational progress should be made in terms of each child's own previous course of development, not in terms of normative standards provided by the performances of same-age peers.
What does multiple influences on cognitive development mean?
Multiple influences on cognitive development refer to the various factors that can shape and impact an individual's thinking abilities, such as genetics, environment, social interactions, and experiences. These influences work together and interact in complex ways to shape how cognition develops in an individual. Understanding and acknowledging these multiple influences is important for gaining insight into how cognitive abilities are formed and can be nurtured.
Which nineteeth century development first set the stage fof future global communications?
The invention of the telegraph in the 19th century was a significant development that laid the groundwork for future global communications by enabling faster transmission of messages over long distances.
According to Piaget the foundation for development in all humans is supplied by?
According to Piaget, the foundation for development in all humans is supplied by the process of adaptation, which involves both assimilation (integrating new experiences into existing mental structures) and accommodation (adjusting existing mental structures to incorporate new experiences). These processes help individuals to organize and make sense of their environment as they learn and grow.
How reading can impact the cognitive development?
Reading can impact cognitive development by improving memory, concentration, and critical thinking skills. It also expands vocabulary and knowledge, which can enhance cognitive abilities such as problem-solving and decision-making. Additionally, reading helps with mental stimulation and can slow down cognitive decline as we age.
Development can vary based on factors such as economic status, location, access to resources, government policies, and historical context. Some regions may develop rapidly due to factors like stable governance and investments in infrastructure, while others may struggle due to issues like poverty, political instability, and lack of basic services. Overall, development is a complex and multifaceted process influenced by a variety of interrelated factors.
What is the concrete operations stage of cognitive development?
The concrete operations stage is the third stage of cognitive development in Piaget's theory, occurring between ages 7 and 11. During this stage, children become capable of logical and organized thinking, understanding conservation, reversibility, and classification. They can also perform mental operations on concrete objects and think more flexibly.
What is piaget best known for?
Jean Piaget was a well-known child psychologist quoted by many teachers and educators.
What is the theory of development closely aligned to?
The theory of development is closely aligned with the study of how individuals grow and change physically, cognitively, and emotionally over the course of their lifespan. It explores how genetics, environment, and experiences interact to shape a person's development from infancy to old age.
What are Piaget four period of learning?
Piaget's four periods of learning are the sensorimotor stage (0-2 years), the preoperational stage (2-7 years), the concrete operational stage (7-11 years), and the formal operational stage (11 years and older). These periods represent different stages in cognitive development and how children understand the world around them.
What is the earliest stage of speech development called?
The earliest stage of speech development is referred to as the prelinguistic stage. During this stage, infants communicate through gestures, crying, and vocalizations before they start producing recognizable words.
What type of reasoning was used in the development of evoiutionary theory?
The development of evolutionary theory involved both inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning was used to gather data from observations of natural phenomena, while deductive reasoning was used to derive general principles and hypotheses from this data. This combination of reasoning allowed scientists like Charles Darwin to formulate the theory of evolution.
What are the most critical stages in EHR development?
The most critical stages in Electronic Health Record (EHR) development include requirements gathering to ensure the system meets user needs, system design to create a user-friendly interface, testing to identify and fix bugs, and implementation to transition to the new system smoothly. Each stage is crucial in creating a successful EHR that improves healthcare delivery.
Why did Samuel and Bryant conduct their experiment on cognitive development?
Samuel and Bryant conducted their experiment on cognitive development to understand how children's thinking skills change with age, specifically focusing on conservation tasks. They aimed to investigate Piaget's theory of cognitive development and test if conservation could be accelerated through training.
What are four stages of development that comes after childhood?
Adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood are the four stages of development that come after childhood.
What operation of Cognitive development was what Piaget call most advanced?
Piaget referred to the formal operational stage as the most advanced stage of cognitive development. This stage typically occurs during adolescence and is characterized by the ability to think abstractly, consider hypothetical situations, and engage in systematic problem-solving.
What is the pre-operational stage of cognitive development?
The preoperational stage occurs between ages two and six. Language development is one of the hallmarks of this period. Piaget noted that children in this stage do not yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally manipulate information, and are unable to take the point of view of other people, which he termed egocentrism.
During the preoperational stage, children also become increasingly adept at using symbols, as evidenced by the increase in playing and pretending. For example, a child is able to use an object to represent something else, such as pretending a broom is a horse. Role playing also becomes important during the preoperational stage. Children often play the roles of "mommy," "daddy," "doctor," and many others.
Egocentrism:Piaget used a number of creative and clever techniques to study the mental abilities of children. One of the famous techniques egocentrism involved using a three-dimensional display of a mountain scene. Children are asked to choose a picture that showed the scene they had observed. Most children are able to do this with little difficulty. Next, children are asked to select a picture showing what someone else would have observed when looking at the mountain from a different viewpoint.
Invariably, children almost always choose the scene showing their own view of the mountain scene. According to Piaget, children experience this difficulty because they are unable to take on another person's perspective.
Conservation:Another well-known experiment involves demonstrating a child's understanding of conservation. In one conservation experiment, equal amounts of liquid are poured into two identical containers. The liquid in one container is then poured into a different shaped cup, such as a tall and thin cup, or a short and wide cup. Children are then asked which cup holds the most liquid. Despite seeing that the liquid amounts were equal, children almost always choose the cup that appears fuller.
Piaget conducted a number of similar experiments on conservation of number, length, mass, weight, volume, and quantity. Piaget found that few children showed any understanding of conservation prior to the age of five.
What are the stages of development according to mead?
Stages of development Mead minimized the importance of biology in personality development. The key was social experience, not maturation.
Mead saw infants as responding to others only in terms of imitation, or mimicking behavior without understanding.
As the use of symbols emerges the child enters a play stage in which role-taking occurs. Initially, the roles are modeled after significant others, especially parents.
Through further social experience children enter the game stage where the simultaneous playing of many roles is possible.
The final stage involves the development of a generalized other, or the general cultural norms and values shared by us and others that we use as a point of reference in evaluating ourselves.
What two groups of people did howard gardner begin his research in cognitive development on?
Howard Gardner began his research in cognitive development on two groups of people: individuals with brain injuries and children with exceptional abilities. This research ultimately led to the development of his theory of multiple intelligences.
Which stage of Sue and Sues Racial Culture Identity Development model is Shu Ling probably in?
Shu Ling is likely in the dissonance stage of Sue and Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development model. This stage involves becoming aware of racial/cultural differences and experiencing internal conflict related to one's identity. Individuals in this stage may feel confused or conflicted about their own identity and how they relate to their racial or cultural group.
What effects cognitive domain?
The cognitive domain encompasses mental processes like thinking, understanding, and remembering. Factors that can affect the cognitive domain include aging, brain injuries, diseases like dementia, and lifestyle habits like nutrition, exercise, and sleep. Additionally, psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and mood disorders can also impact cognitive function.
Is development of humans was directly dependent on the development of language?
The development of language played a significant role in the evolution and cognitive advancement of humans. Language allowed for complex communication, the sharing of knowledge, and the formation of communities. Although not the sole factor, the development of language has been closely linked to the progress of human development.
