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Counter-Reformation
The Counter-Reformation was the period following the Protestant Reformation, in which the Catholic Church experienced a revival. The Counter-Reformation began with The Council of Trent in the mid-1500s, and concluded with the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. The movement focused on reforming some elements of the Catholic Church, including church hierarchy, political involvement, and religious orders.
152 Questions
What was the goal of the counter reformation in the new world?
The Catholic Counter-Reformation was in response to the Protestant Reformation. Its goal was to reform the Catholic Church from within.
Explain How the Reformation led to the counter-reformation?
The Reformation, with its focus on challenging the authority of the Catholic Church and promoting individual interpretation of faith, led to the Counter-Reformation as a response by the Catholic Church to address the issues raised by Protestant reformers. The Counter-Reformation involved initiatives such as the Council of Trent, the founding of new religious orders, and the strengthening of Catholic doctrine and discipline to combat the spread of Protestantism and revitalize the Catholic Church.
Who was active in the Catholic Reformation also known as the Counter Reformation?
Catholic Answer
The "counter reformation" is the secular and protestant term for the Catholic reform, of which many great saints and religious orders emerged:
from A Catholic Dictionary, edited by Donald Attwater, Second edition, revised 1957 The Counter-Reformation is the name given to the Catholic movement of reform and activity which lasted for about one hundred years from the beginning of the Council of Trent (q.v., 1545), and was the belated answer to the threatening confusion and increasing attacks of the previous years. It was the work principally of the Popes St. Pius V and Gregory XIII and the Council itself in the sphere of authority, of SS. Philip Neri and Charles Borromeo in the reform of the clergy and of life, of St. Ignatius and the Jesuits in apostolic activity of St. Francis Xavier in foreign missions, and of St. Teresa in the purely contemplative life which lies behind them all. But these were not the only names nor was it a movement of a few only; the whole Church emerged from the 15th century purified and revivified. On the other hand, it was a reformation rather than a restoration; the unity of western Christendom was destroyed; the Church militant (those still on earth) led by the Company of Jesus adopted offence as the best means of defence and, though she gained as much as she lost in some sense, the Church did not recover the exercise of her former spiritual supremacy in actuality. from Modern Catholic Dictionary by John A. Hardon, S.J. Doubleday & Co., Inc. Garden City, NY 1980 A period of Catholic revival from 1522 to about 1648, better know as the Catholic Reform. It was an effort to stem the tide of Protestantism by genuine reform within the Catholic Church. There were political movements pressured by civil rules, and ecclesiastical movements carried out by churchmen in an attempt to restore genuine Catholic life by establishing new religious orders such as the Society of Jesus and restoring old orders to their original observances, such as the Carmelites under St. Teresa of Avila (1515-98). The main factors responsible for the Counter Reformation, however, were the papacy and the council of Trent (1545-63). Among church leaders St. Charles Borromeo (1538-84), Archbishop of Milan, enforced the reforms decreed by the council, and St. Francis de Sales of Geneva (1567-1622) spent his best energies in restoring genuine Catholic doctrine and piety. Among civil rulers sponsoring the needed reform were Philip II of Spain (1527-98) and Mary Tudor (1516-58), his wife, in England. Unfortunately this aspect of the reformation led to embitterment between England and Scotland, England and Spain, Poland and Sweden, and to almost two centuries of religious wars. As a result of the Counter Reformation, the Catholic Church became stronger in her institutional structure, more dedicated to the work of evangelization, and more influential in world affairs.
Did the Counter Reformation fail?
The Counter-Reformation, i.e. in response purely to the Protestant Reformation, was not a great success, as few lands were won back to the Catholic Church during the period 1555-1648, even during the Thirty-Years war when there were good opportunities. The Catholic Reformation, or Catholic Revival, on the other hand was. By the end of the period there was a stronger papacy, and a reduction in the secularisation of the clergy. Nepotism had all but been abolished, pluralism was, and the Jesuits and some of the older orders had won new converts in the New Worlds. The clergy were being better educated in how to lead the laity, and the laity in what their faith was about, as a result of seminaries and a catechism programme respectively.
Why did the Catholic leaders feel the need to launch the Counter-Reformation?
What is the Counter-Reformation?
The Counter Refomation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the thrty year war. The reform included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priestes in the Spititual life and the theological traditions of the church. It return order to their spiritual foundations and new spirtiual movements focusing on the devoional life and personal relationship with Christ.
Who led the Catholic Counter Reformation?
This is a huge subject, I shall try to highlight some things that you can look for, but WikiAnswers is hardly the suitable place to fully answer such a question. First of all, I would suggest two books, both excellent, Diane Moczar’s book, Ten Dates Every Catholic Should Know, and James Hitchcock’s book, History of the Catholic Church From the Apostolic Age to the Third Millennium.
There is much background material covered in both, especially concerning the “coldness” which had settled into society and religion for two centuries before the protestant catastrophe.
It wasn't so much the conduct of the Church, although the conduct of individuals - from Popes to laity - certainly played a part in it. But it was a whole host of factors including several major famines, the Black Death (starting around 1350), the Avignon Papacy ( 1378 - 1417: The Great Schism when the Pope moved to Avignon, and no one knew who the real Pope was. For most of this period there were two claimants to the Papal throne, near the end of it, three. This threw Christendom into crisis with the end result of greatly weakening the Papacy and contributing to the protestant revolt a hundred years later.
That and the rise of heresies including those of the Bohemia, John Hus, the heresy of Nominalism. And then there was the rise of Renaissance thought. Originally Renaissance thought saw the good in the Greek and Latin classics and tried to bring them into the Christian present. Thomas Aquinas has done a magnificent job of this earlier in the 13th century with Aristotle, on whom he based his classic Summa Theologiae which is still used to this day in teaching theology. But later Renaissance intellectuals had a whole different mind set and through their fascination with pagan ideas, they adopted the worldly outlook of their writers.
Finally there was the rise of the business culture and the love of money - the root of all evil according to the Sacred Scriptures. The love of money and business became prevalent in this era wiping out the great Age of Faith that had just ended.).
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Then the heresy of Conciliarism (following the Great Schism, Council of Pisa 1409 (which did not end the Schism), Council of Constance (1414-1418 which did end the Schism but claimed superiority over the Pope), Council of Basel (1431-1449), according to which a Church council was a higher authority than the pope (this Council “fell apart”) and finally the Fifth Lateran Council (1512-1517) which ended the heresy of Conciliarism and started modest Church reform. Then there was the coldness that was seeping into religious life, which was first noticed by St. Francis of Assisi. The collect from the Tridentine liturgy for the Feast of St. Francis on September 17 refers to this growing coldness:
O Lord Jesus Christ, Who, when the world was growing cold, didst renew the sacred marks of Thy passion in the flesh of the most blessed Francis, to inflame our hearts with the fire of Thy love, graciously grant that by His merits and prayers we may continually bear the cross and bring forth fruits worthy of penance.
There, of course, are many more reasons in these two centuries that led to the protestant revolt, I would suggest that you pick up Diane Moczar's book, Ten Dates Every Catholic Should Know, and read chapter the chapter headed 1517 AD The Protestant Catastrophe.
Probably the single biggest behavior that effected the Church in the Late Middle Ages was the Great Schism, which ran from 1378 to 1417. This was known as the Avignon Papacy,
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from A Catholic Dictionary, edited by Donald Attwater, Second edition, revised 1957
The Great Schism, otherwise know as the Schism of the West was not strictly a schism at all but a conflict between the two parties within the Church each claiming to support the true pope. Three months after the election of Urban VI, in 1378, the fifteen electing cardinals declared that they had appointed him only as a temporary vicar and that in any case the election was invalid as made under fear of violence from the Roman mob. Urban retorted by naming twenty-eight new cardinals, and the others at once proceeded to elect Cardinal Robert of Geneva as Pope Clement VII, who went to reside at Avignon. The quarrel was in its origin not a theological or religious one, but was caused by the ambition and jealousy of French influence, which was supported to some extent for political reasons by Spain, Naples, Provence, and Scotland; England, Germany, Scandinavia, Wales, Ireland, Portugal, Flanders and Hungary stood by what they believe to be the true pope at Rome. The Church was torn from top to bottom by the schism, both sides in good faith (it was impossible to know to whom allegiance was due), which lasted with its two lines of popes (and at one time three) till the election of Martin V in 1417. It is now regarded as practically certain that the Urbanist popes were the true ones and their names are included in semi-official lists; moreover, the ordinal numbers of the Clementine claimants (who, however, are not called anti-popes,) were adopted by subsequent popes of the same name.
Extracted from What Every Catholic Wants to Know Catholic History from the Catacombs to the Reformation, by Diane Moczar, c 2006 by Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division
The five key elements that made up the "medieval synthesis" were:
- The harmony between Faith and reason.
- The balance of power among nation-states as parts of Christendom
- The balancing of the authority of the king with local self-government.
- The harmony between the goals of individual self-fulfillment and those of society.
- The equilibrium - and an uneasy one, it is true - between Church and state.
In the fourteenth century everything started to fall apart beginning with famine and plague. Cold, wet weather between 1315 and 1322 brought ruined crops in northern Europe and the resulting famine produced mass starvation, the mortality rate was as high as ten percent. But within 25-20 years the Black Death struck Europe. Between 1347-1350 an estimate average of thirty percent of the population on the continent died. In some cases, the death toll was much higher. It returned again in 1363 and would recur periodically for the next three centuries. All of this caused social friction and rebellions, not to mention some bizarre heresies. In addition to all of this the Hundred Years's War began, the Ottoman Turks began their onslaught of Europe, and the Papacy was going through many troubles beginning with the Avignon papacy. All of this set the stage, so to speak for the protestant catastrophe.
Which brings us to the Fifth Lateran Council (1512-1519) the first serious, official attempt to reform the Church. Giles of Viterbo, the general of the Augustinians was the most prominent Church member and he took the popes to task for most of the current abuses in the Church, although he put great hope in Leo X (1513-1521) who had succeeded Pope Julius II (who had called the Council).
The Lateran Council issued a whole laundry list of abuses that they wanted to end, including “worldly prelates, bishops neglecting their responsibilities, and cardinals living away from Rome. The Council Fathers castigated the clergy for irregular ways of attaining benefices, nepotism, and unchastity. It condemned Averroism . . and even established Catholic pawn shops under Church auspices, to provide affordable loans to the poor.”
For a complete detailing of the Catholic reformation please see Chapter 9 from Hitchcock’s book History of the Catholic Church.
What were the characteristics of the counter reformation?
from Modern Catholic Dictionary by John A. Hardon, S.J. Doubleday & Co., Inc. Garden City, NY 1980
A period of Catholic revival from 1522 to about 1648, better know as the Catholic Reform. It was an effort to stem the tide of Protestantism by genuine reform within the Catholic Church. There were political movements pressured by civil rules, and ecclesiastical movements carried out by churchmen in an attempt to restore genuine Catholic life by establishing new religious orders such as the Society of Jesus and restoring old orders to their original observances, such as the Carmelites under St. Teresa of Avila (1515-98). The main factors responsible for the Counter Reformation, however, were the papacy and the council of Trent (1545-63). Among church leaders St. Charles Borromeo (1538-84), Archbishop of Milan, enforced the reforms decreed by the council, and St. Francis de Sales of Geneva (1567-1622) spent his best energies in restoring genuine Catholic doctrine and piety. Among civil rulers sponsoring the needed reform were Philip II of Spain (1527-98) and Mary Tudor (1516-58), his wife, in England. Unfortunately this aspect of the reformation led to embitterment between England and Scotland, England and Spain, Poland and Sweden, and to almost two centuries of religious wars. As a result of the Counter Reformation, the Catholic Church became stronger in her institutional structure, more dedicated to the work of evangelization, and more influential in world affairs.
What was the main result of the counter reformation in the America?
im not sure really:( ive read alot of text books and it really doesnt clarify
How did the reformation changed the western world?
The Reformation fundamentally transformed the Western world by challenging the authority of the Catholic Church and promoting the idea of individual interpretation of scripture. It led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations, which altered the religious landscape and encouraged greater religious diversity. Additionally, the movement spurred advancements in literacy and education, as reading the Bible became more accessible. This shift ultimately laid the groundwork for modern concepts of democracy, personal freedom, and the separation of church and state.
What did artists often do in their composition system as a result of the reformation?
As a result of the Reformation, artists often shifted their focus from religious themes dominated by Catholic iconography to more personal and secular subjects. They began to emphasize individual interpretation of faith and human experience, leading to a rise in portraiture and scenes of everyday life. This shift also encouraged the exploration of new artistic techniques and styles, reflecting the changing social and religious landscape of the time. Additionally, Protestant artists frequently depicted biblical narratives in a more accessible and relatable manner, aligning with the Reformation's emphasis on scripture and personal belief.
Which person is generally credited with starting the Reformation?
Martin Luther is generally credited with starting the Reformation. In 1517, he famously nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Church, challenging the practices of the Catholic Church, particularly the sale of indulgences. His actions sparked widespread religious and political upheaval across Europe, leading to the establishment of Protestantism. Luther's emphasis on scripture and faith as the basis for salvation fundamentally altered the Christian landscape.
What is committee of ten in the education reformation?
The Committee of Ten was a group of educators formed in the late 19th century who sought to standardize the American education system. They recommended a curriculum focused on traditional subjects like literature, math, science, and history, which heavily influenced education reforms in the United States.
What three events occurred as a result of the Catholic counter reformation?
The Catholic counter reformation and it's defeat
Catholic response to reformation is known as counter-reformation.Since reformation was christian,counter reformation can only be anti-christian.After the reformation of 16th century catholics started Jesuit secret militia founded by Ignatious Layola to destroy christianity.Incidently the name of the society was "society of Jesus" aka Jesuits.From birth of catholicism(around AD350) it was the most potent antichristian organization in the world which did everything through the power of satan, to keep people from knowing the truth.They didn't allow common people to read bible and know the truth until about the 15th century reformation.
Before going into counter reformation activities of catholicism let's go back into history and check, why i said catholicism is anti christian.They did idolatry by changing names of old pagan idols to 'christian' sounding names and praying and worshiping using these idols(intercession of saints).They taught anyone who is a member of catholicism can do any grevious sin or evil and still enter heaven through purgatory.They taught sins are forgiven by attending eucharist,when christ Jesus and apostles taught only one who has repented of his sins and accepted Jesus as his saviour and has undergone water baptism after the repentence,should receive euvharist(lords supper,holy qurbana,holy communion).Even after repentence if a person backslide he must come back to god in repentence and be cleansed by the blood of Jesus to take part in eucharist.that is only those who are right with god can attend eucharist.If a person who does'nt satisfy above requirments takepart in eucharist,he is sinning against god and sickness and curse shall befall such a person.
Catholics massacred early christians saying they were dualistic(those who worshiped both God and satan) pagan heretics like followers of mani(3rd-15th century),early arab and north african christians like danatists,arian christians aka gothic christians3rd-6th century),paulicians,bogomils(6th-12th century,massacred by catholic crusaders en route to jerusalem by secret directive from vatican and perhaps the real aim of the crusades),waldensians(12th century-to present day),cathars(12th-14th century,massacred in albunesian/cathar crusade) and finally protestantS/reformed church(15th century-to present day).
Coming back to counter reformation activities of catholics,They started under the leadership of ignatious layolola,with the name of Jesus but working against him.they made another secret organization which will be under their total control inorder to have better infiltaration among protestants.Since intend of Jesuits was more public and most prots knew they were working against them,it was necessary to create another secret agency to infiltrate protestants and destroy their society and it was called freemasonry.This secret society is christian(protestant) superficialy by harping on the words like 'great architect of universe',but on inside it will be purely anti christian totally controlled by catholics.
Thus protestants will be attracted to this society,and those who become members will be trained by catholic Jesuits to destroy christianity,by teaching them feminism and secularism.
Thus most of the founding fathers of USA are freemasons,and today USA has only 50% christians compared to 99% in 1790AD.While the numder of pagans who fake as christians(catholics and orthodox) has risen to 25% from less than 1% in 1790.George Washington said in USA every child would be taught bible in scools,but everybody knows exactly opposite happened.Why?.George Washington along with most of the founding fathers were freemasons,who are/were a mere puppets in the hand of catholic counter reformation activists.Abraham lincoln although not a memeber of any church,was a believer.He said just before his death,that civil war and feminist movement was the work of catholic Jesuits,and few days after he said this he was assasinated by Jesuit catholics.
Catholics(Jesuits) taught freemasons and co-masons(womens wing of freemasonry) that women were opressed by men and Jesus came to release them from protection and control of males,so they can go out and work and do anything they want(feminism).Thus they became pioneering feminists(suffragists) oof protestant lands.When in reality Christ Jesus and apostles taught women to obey and respect their husbands as church obeys and worships Jesus.They also taught Men to be chivalrous and sacrifice themselves for their wives as christ sacrificed on the cross for all who would believe.
Thus within a few years protestant women stopped wearing head coverings,modest dresses and started disobeying their husbands and going out to work and teaching and having authority over men,thinking it is the 'christian' thing to do,when in reality slowly but steadily they were unknowingly destroy their own society through gender role reversal and therby spreading sexual immorality.The main reason for great depression of 2008 which started in USA was feminism which promoted a lifestyle of excessive spending,without any real savings.
I say all these things because counter reformation will not prevail because of the prophecy of Jesus-"i shall build my church(protestant) on this rock(the revelation given to apostle peter that Jesus is the only eternal son of almighty God,not the degrading dead body of peter buried under vatican as catholics claim/believe)and gates of hell(catholicism and oter false religions/ideologies) will not prevail over it".
Very soon in the near future WW3(gog magog war -ezekiel 38) will start.After the war only true religion of god(the gods church-true christianity-non feminist protestantism) will exist in earth.All other religions which didnot acknowledge their creator and kept mankind in dark(catholicism,islam,hinduism and all other fake religions) will be destroyed.After the war all people living on earth will be members of Gods church-true religion and it shall be a golden age(very prosperous) for all mankind till the coming of christ.
After the war The 3rd temple will be rebuilt in jerusalem and it shall be called "the house of prayer for people of all nations" exactly as Jesus predicted nearly 2000 years ago.Animal and other sacrifices will be offered there in the rememberance of the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ on the cross,just as it symbolized the coming sacrifice of christ in the old testament period.This will remain till coming of christ ( rapture) .
In rapture believers will be taken and hypocrites left behind to face great tribulation(such as never happened before or never will in the future) which will last for 7 years.In the half of this 7 year period antichrist will break his agreement with jews and put up the awful horror inthe holy temple.He will require all to have number 666 imprinted on them to buy or sell.Those who get this mark of 666 are damned for eternal hell.So anybody who happens to be in tribulation period,want salvation he/she has to die as martyrs or get the mark of christ(144,000 people).
Counter-reformation did'nt start in 17th century,but way back in 4th century at the birth of catholicism,just as the true reformed ,protestant church was in existense from new testament times(AD30-70) as the apostolic church.Take a look at how vatican vainly planned to destroy the God's church(non feminist protestantism) that almighty creator was/is building.
'A wealthy Arabian lady who was a faithful follower of the pope played a tremendous part in this
drama. She was a widow named Khadijah. She gave her wealth to the church and retired to a
convent, but was given an assignment. She was to find a brilliant young man who could be used
by the Vatican to create a new religion and become the messiah for the children of Ishmael.
Khadijah had a cousin named Waraquah,, who was also a very faithful Roman Catholic and the
Vatican placed him in a critical role as Muhammad's advisor. He had tremendous influence on
Muhammad.
'Teachers were sent to young Muhammad and he had intensive training. Muhammad studied the
works of St. Augustine which prepared him for his "great calling." The Vatican had Catholic
Arabs across North Africa spread the story of a great one who was about to rise up among the
people and be the chosen one of their God.
'While Muhammad was being prepared, he was told that his enemies were the Jews and that the
only true Christians were Roman Catholic. He was taught that others calling themselves
Christians were actually wicked impostors and should be destroyed. Many Muslims believe this.
'Muhammad began receiving "divine revelations" and his wife's Catholic cousin Waraquah
helped interpret them. From this came the Koran. In the fifth year of Muhammad's mission,
persecution came against his followers because they refused to worship the idols in the Kaaba.
'Muhammad instructed some of them to flee to Abysinnia where Negus, the Roman Catholic king
accepted them because Muhammad's views on the virgin Mary were so close to Roman Catholic
doctrine. These Muslims received protection from Catholic kings because of Muhammad's
revelations.
'Muhammad later conquered Mecca and the Kaaba was cleared of idols. History proves that
before Islam came into existence, the Sabeans in Arabia worshiped the moon-god who was
married to the sun-god. They gave birth to three goddesses who were worshipped throughout the
Arab world as "Daughters of Allah" An idol excavated at Hazor in Palestine in 1950's shows
Allah sitting on a throne with the crescent moon on his chest.
'Muhammad claimed he had a vision from Allah and was told, "You are the messenger of Allah."
This began his career as a prophet and he received many messages. By the time Muhammad died, the religion of Islam was exploding. The nomadic Arab tribes were joining forces in the
name of Allah and his prophet, Muhammad.
'Some of Muhammad's writings were placed in the Koran, others were never published. They are
now in the hands of high ranking holy men (Ayatollahs) in the Islamic faith.
Which aspect of baroque art was best employed by the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church?
It's just the Catholic Church, not the Roman Catholic Church. Roman is an epithet first commonly used in England after the protestant revolt to describe the Catholic Church. It is rarely used by the Catholic Church. Baroque is an "ornate form of ecclesiastical art and architecture that begin in Italy in the seventeenth century and spread throughout the Continent. Its purpose was to infuse new life into the cold style of the later Renaissance. from Modern Catholic Dictionary by Fr. John Hardon, S.J. Below is a quote from the on-line History of Art study guide. We think of Baroque art as overdone and fussy, but it was a trend towards realism in its use of light, dark, and shade, and it projected the art out into the viewer's world, whereas previously, Renaissance art was sort of flat and stylized with clear demarcation lines. Baroque art was to stimulate piety and played a large part in the construction and ornamentation of many Churches from this period including much of the Vatican.
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From the History of Art, study guide: According to the Council of Trent and the Catholic Church artworks should be a clear, intelligible subject realistically interpreted in order to stimulate piety. This was part of the reason that the artwork turned towards naturalism, becoming emotionally engaging and intense.
Reginald Pole was the last Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury during the Counter-Reformation period, serving from 1556 until his death in 1558. Pole played a significant role in attempting to reconcile England with the Catholic Church during the tumultuous times of the Reformation.
Describe the relationship between the Catholic counter reformation and the arts in Catholic Europe?
Their relationship is simply intimacy.Many artist of the Renaissance period portrayed the church teaching although, many of them opposed by Protestants.There were some artist moved apart from the wings of the church.They made their own style of the church that had minimal decoration especially the Lutheran church.
Which religious order is most strongly associated with the Catholic Counter Reformation?
The Jesuits, also known as the Society of Jesus, were the most strongly associated religious order with the Catholic Counter Reformation. They were known for their missionary work, education, and strong loyalty to the Pope in combating the Protestant Reformation.
What pope called for the Counter-Reformation?
Pope Paul III is generally credited with initiating the Counter-Reformation in the mid-16th century. His papacy saw the establishment of the Council of Trent and other measures aimed at addressing issues raised by the Protestant Reformation.
Why did Catholic leaders feel the need to launch the Counter-Reformation?
Catholic leaders launched the Counter-Reformation in response to the Protestant Reformation, which challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the loss of followers. They sought to address corruption within the Church, reaffirm their teachings, and win back those who had converted to Protestantism.
During the counter-reformation what did pope paul iii bring to rome from Spain?
Pope Paul III brought a group of Spanish Jesuits to Rome during the Counter-Reformation. This group included prominent figures like St. Ignatius of Loyola, who went on to found the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) to combat Protestantism and spread Catholicism. They played a key role in revitalizing the Catholic Church during this period.
