English to Afrikaans

Landfills may be translated in Afrikaans as

grondopvullings (when refering to the process)

or

opvullingsmateriaal (when refering to the materials used for the landfills).

A landfill site is an

opvullingsterrein.

The word "slag" as commonly used has two different meanings:

1. blow - as in strike a "blow" in a fight
2. slaughter - as in "slaughter" an animal

This could also refer to:

1. a very loud sound, such as a loud "bang" - eg. Hy het 'n harde slag in die kombuis gehoor = He heard a loud bang in the kitchen.
2. a battle - eg. Die slag van Waterloo = The battle of Waterloo.
3. again - eg. Nog 'n slag = once again, yet again
4. the ability to do something - eg. Sy't 'n slag met kinders = She has a knack with kids.

I will be discussing the functions of the family. The three differing perspective I will adapt in my discussions are: Functionalism, Conflict Theory/Marxism and Radical and Marxist Feminism. Nuclear, Extended and Gay/Lesbian forms of family diversities will be used to explain contemporary family diversity.

Social stability is believed that all lasting social systems strive for equilibrium with a strong sense of social order and institution to promote solidarity in society.

Social stability can also be defined as the maintenance of social equilibrium as a result of equality of status and or ability or differences in ability and specialization.

Family is a term used for a fundamental group of people consisting of two parents and their children, dwelling in the same place and sharing goals and values together. According to Burgess and Lock, the family refers to a group of persons united by ties of marriage, blood or adoption constituting a single household, interacting and inters communicating with each other in respective roles as mother and father, brother and sister, husband and wife.

Firstly, the family is essential for social stability, in view of the functionalists believed that the family plays a vital role in the society. They see the family as a good contributing factor in fulfilling the basic needs of society, in order for society to survive. Murdock came out with four main functions of the family which are sexual, reproduction, socialisation and economic.

Sexual/Reproduction functions: this refers to the family's role in ensuring the physical perpetuation/multiplication a society by giving birth to offspring. Socialisation: this is to ensure that the family produced offspring which are trained in the values of a society in order to make them law abiding members of the society. Economic functions: this entails feeding the members of the household, in terms of providing for their shelter and clothing.

Murdock argues that these functions play a vital role in society and that the nuclear family is in every society. The functionalist believes that socialisation begins with the family, in that family members teach children the norms and values which are essential for social life.

Even though the functionalist sees the family as perfect and good for social stability, Murdock, Parsons and Fletcher criticise the functionalist perspective of the family. However, both Murdock and Parsons criticise functionalism by saying that, "they downplay conflict in the family, particularly the darker side of the family life, such as child abuse and violence against women". Peter Berger also criticises the functionalist by saying that "the society is sometimes portrayed as a prison or a puppet theatre with people as prisoners of the system or puppets on the end of a string".

Secondly, Marxists view the family as a "mini capitalist". They see the family as a capitalist society which is based on private property. In a nutshell, men needed to know their children in order to pass on their property to their heirs. They argue that the nuclear family is interested in teaching its members to submit to the capitalist class. Marxists believe that a women's role is like a prostitute in the family, she only provides sex and heirs to the husband. Therefore the family is set as a way of controlling women and protecting property.

Marxists came out with four different ways of capitalism. Marxists believe that, women's role in the house which is domestic work is an unpaid job therefore it serves as benefit to capitalism. Again, working class men who are stress out and feel frustrated lean on the family as a strong whole in terms of safety and security. Also, the family is in a position of consuming the goods and services given by capitalism. Moreover, they also argued that the only way for capitalism to survive is to enforce the working class to submit to the ruling class. The whole ideal of Marxist is to win the heart and minds of the working class through the media and the society at large. In critics it seems that family diversity was ignored by the Marxism, in order words they view the nuclear family as being determined by the economy.

Lastly, Marxist feminism views the family as a harmful effect upon women, they focus on the role of the family in continuing oppression to women. They also fail to understand how women face oppression and capitalism in the family. Marxist-feminists, like Margaret Benston (1969) said "have analysed domestic labour as unpaid work done within the household in economic terms". It was argued that part of the profit made by workers were as a result of labour of housewives. For instance preparing meal for him, washing of his clothes, cleaning of the house nurturing of his children and sleeping with her husband makes him more productive worker.

Many radical feminists view men as patriarch, this mans male dominant in the family and also this can be a hindrance to women's freedom. Kate Millett (1970) "argues that the way society is organised enables men to dominate women". Radical feminists argue that during the pre-industrlisation period women were generally excluded from paid work and were classified as housewives and caring mothers who depends on the head of the family which is the breadwinner at home. Men in general are seen as the dominant people in paid work, especially in politic and cultural power. They also agued that women and men are all equal and that woman should be paid the same as men. In this modern day many women now work and have independent income and are also more successful than men when it comes to education. For example there are more female nurses and social workers than male.

Criticising the Marxist feminist and Radical feminist, they say nowadays a lot of women are doing paid job and are earning their own money and not depending on their breadwinner which is the head of the family. Therefore they have power in the family then it was before, not only that children also have power and status in the family than it was before. They also said, due to the divorce law which was introduced in 1973, made it easier for couples to divorce. This means women can and do escape from relationships which tunes to be a bondage or captivity. They believed that women's role in the family is equally shared among the couples in the family and also both partners are in paid employment. They believe in this modern society that women are not in captivity but some women choice to stay at home to be housewives while others combined paid work with their housework.

From a functionalist perspective, the family performs its role of ensuring social stability, it provide its members with basic needs and also provides primary socialisation. However the functionalist emphasises on the men's role in the family and women's roles were not seen.

The family is an essential to social stability because the Marxists and radical feminists have eliminated patriarchy which was the male dominant in the family and has brought equal right between men and women. On the other hand women were dominated by men in the families.

Nuclear family is group of people consisting of two parents and their children, who share living quarters. It is sometimes called the two-generation family, because it only comprises of parents and children. The new right view the nuclear family is the normal family in society. They do not agree with the Guy, Lesbian, and lone/single parent families because the believed such families are a threat to society and also benefiting from the welfare state.

Extended family consists of parents, children, cousins, aunts, uncles, grand parents, nephews and nieces who live together and interact socially.

Gay and lesbian families consist of two same sex of adult which are male and female with adopted children, also can have their children through surrogate mothers. The new right disagree with these types of famines because they view this family as not fit in the social norms and also not accepted in society. J. Redwood who is a conservative MP stated in 1993 that "the natural state should be the two-adult family caring for their children". The new right insisted that if the traditional family values can return to its root then it will be a remedy of modern society's problems, such as juvenile delinquency and child poverty.

Ultimately, the family is still in the position of reproducing and providing basic needs for its members. Marxist feminist brought equal right between men and women in the family. This does not mean, however, that the family itself has remained untouched by social change

As a noun you can use: regter (like in a court), skeidsregter (referee), beoordelaar (like a judge at a eisteddfod or a pageant) or keurder (choice maker)

As a verb: regspreek, oordeel, veroordeel, keur (make a choice)