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Germanium
Germanium (Ge) is a metalloid semiconductor. It is commonly used in optics and electronic circuitry.
542 Questions
What is the balanced chemical equation when solid germanium reacts with bromine?
Ge(s)+2Br2(L)-->GeBr4(s)
In other words, Germanium is a metal and reacts with bromine, which is liquid at standard temperature and pressure, to form solid Germanium Bromide. Hope this helps.
Would it be true to say that silicon and germanium are used as alloys?
Silicon and germanium are not typically used as alloys, as they are primarily used in the production of semiconductors. However, they are sometimes added to certain metals in very small amounts to improve their properties, such as increasing their strength or reducing their melting point.
Is germanium a conductor of heat?
Germanium is a semiconductor, it means that electrons are relatively strongly attached to nuclei. As result its thermal properties change. Generally semiconductors have worse thermoconductivity than metals but better than insulators.
How do you make a pure sample of germanium?
This depends on how pure you want it. For most purposes chemical reagent grade germanium is adequate and it can be purchased from most chemical supply houses quite inexpensively. For electronics purposes however you need the much purer semiconductor grade germanium which can also be purchased easily but at a higher price. There is no real reason to want to go to the trouble of making either.
However I will explain the method by which reagent grade germanium is purified to semiconductor grade germanium. This requires several hundred cycles of a process called zone melting which is a form of fractional crystallization. This is performed by placing the germanium in a special elongated crucible called a graphite boat, because it is made of highly pure boron free graphite (similar to that used as the moderator in graphite moderated nuclear reactors) so that the crucible does not itself recontaminate the germanium and its long narrow shape resembling a boat. The germanium is then melted by sliding the boat through a ring shaped electrically heated furnace that melts only a narrow zone across the width of the boat, which recrystallizes as it leaves the furnace. As the boat passes through the furnace the impurities concentrate in the melted zone and when the boat is removed from the furnace leaves the impurities concentrated in that tail end of the boat that was last to leave the furnace. After roughly every 20 cycles through the furnace the graphite boat is broken up and the germanium crystal removed and the tail end is cut off and recycled as scrap because it contains too high a concentration of impurities. The germanium is now placed in a fresh graphite boat along with germanium of similar purity from other boats and processing continues until the desired semiconductor grade purity is reached.
What is the family name and characteristic of germanium?
Germanium belongs to Carbon family it is a semi metals and mainly used to prepare semi-conductors.
What Gas is used as protective atmosphere for growing silicon and germanium?
A mixture of hydrogen and either argon or nitrogen is commonly used as a protective atmosphere for growing silicon and germanium crystals. This gas mixture helps prevent contamination and oxidation of the materials during the crystal growth process.
How many protons neutrons and electrons germanium?
Germanium has 32 protons, 41 neutrons, and 32 electrons.
What elements are used as impurities for doping germanium and silicon?
Any Pentavalent or Trivalent atom can be added to Silicon to create an "N" type or "P" type Material respectively. Which is used to create a PN Junction. Examples of Pentavalent atoms would be arsenic, antimony, and phosphorus, these Pentavalent atoms would be used to create an "N" Type material. Examples of Trivalent atoms are aluminum, boron, and gallium. Trivalent atom would be used to create "P" type material. I don't know why you would dope germanium, unless your talking about very old technology. Germanium use has slowed to a crawl since the discovery of intrinsic (pure) silicon.
Is germanium a physical or chemical change?
Germanium is a chemical element, so its presence or absence is considered a physical change. However, if germanium is combined with other elements to form compounds, the resulting chemical reaction would be classified as a chemical change.
What is the outer electron configuration for germanium?
The outer electron configuration for germanium is 4s^2 4p^2. Germanium has 4 valence electrons in the outermost shell.
How much is an ounce of germanium?
The price of an ounce of germanium can vary depending on the purity level, supplier, and market conditions. However, as of September 2021, the price is typically around $1,000 to $1,500 per ounce.
Is germanium chloride ionic or covalent?
Germanium tetrachloride is covalent, just like carbon tetrachloride or silicon tetrachloride. All nasty stuff.
What is the chemical formula of germanium?
Germanium is an element, and as such does not have a chemical formula per se. Rather is has a chemical symbol, which is Ge.
Is germanium a solid at room temperature?
Yes, germanium is a solid at room temperature. It is a metalloid element that has a melting point of 938.25°C and a boiling point of 2833°C.
Is germanium a covalent solid?
Yes, germanium is a covalent solid. Germanium has a diamond cubic crystal structure, where each germanium atom forms covalent bonds with four neighboring atoms, giving rise to a network of covalent bonds throughout the solid.
What is the formula of the chloride of germanium?
There are two types. The formulas are GeCl2 and GeCl4 :)
What is the electron arrangement in germanium?
The electron arrangement in germanium is 2-8-18-4, following the aufbau principle and filling the electron orbitals starting from the lowest energy level to the highest. This means that germanium has two electrons in its first shell, eight in its second shell, eighteen in its third shell, and four in its outermost shell.
What is the natural state of germanium?
Germanium is a metalloid that is commonly found in nature in the form of germanium dioxide (GeO2) or germanite, which is a rare mineral. It is typically found in combination with other elements rather than in its pure form.
What is the formula for germanium phosphate?
germanium has an oxidation number of +4, phosphate is PO4 has an oxidation number -3.
Ge3(PO4)4
Can germanium bond with other elements?
Yes, germanium can form bonds with other elements through covalent bonds. It commonly bonds with elements like oxygen, hydrogen, and metals to form various compounds. Germanium is a metalloid with properties that allow it to exhibit both metal-like and non-metal behavior when bonding with other elements.
What is the energy level for germanium?
The energy level for germanium depends on its electronic configuration, which includes both valence and core electrons. Germanium typically has four valence electrons that determine its chemical properties, while its core electrons are found in inner shells closer to the nucleus. These core electrons are held more tightly and have lower energy levels compared to the valence electrons.
What is the charge of germanium?
The charge of germanium is neutral, as it has an equal number of protons (positive charge) and electrons (negative charge). Germanium has 32 protons and 32 electrons, resulting in a net charge of 0.
Is germanium formed naturally?
Germanium is a naturally occurring element, but does not occur in pure form on the Earth (only in compounds).
