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Germanium is in the fourth period of the periodic table. It exhibits two oxidation states GeII and GeIV

This tendency for a lower oxidation state is termed the "inert pair effect".

Looking at the halides GeF2 is a volatile white solid with an unusual structure which does not suggest that the bonding is ionic.

GeCl4 is a covalent molecular compound like CCl4 and SiCl4

the oxides GeO2 and GeO are both known but GeO is unstable disproportionates to GeO2 and metallic germanium. In the oxides the bonding but like silicon oxides, it is best described as covalent.

So in summary Ge2+ and Ge4+ (and these will probably be present in mass spectrometer beams) with the proviso that ions with a 4+ charge in reality are so strongly polarising that they will form bonds with a degree of covalency.

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4, like all semiconductors.

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Germanium is a semiconductor, it means that electrons are relatively strongly attached to nuclei. As result its thermal properties change. Generally semiconductors have worse thermoconductivity than metals but better than insulators.

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because lekage current of silicon is less than germenium

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microchips

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a metalloid

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0.3v as opposed to the silicon 0.6v

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Use Aquaregia

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Silicon is the second most abundant material in the Earth's crust (nearly 26%, sThe advantages of Si over Ge are:

=> Stable and strong material & crystal structure like diamond

=> Si has a wider bandgap than Ge

=> higher operating temperature (125-175 oC vs. ~85 oC) and thus become intrinsic at higher temp.

=> Si readily forms a native oxide (SiO2) high-quality insulator protects and "passivates" underlying circuitry helps in patterning useful for dopant masking.

=>Large variety of process steps possible without the problem of decomposition (as in the case of compound semiconductors)

=> Si is cheap and abundant

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The reason why copper is a good conductor is because there are a lot of free electrons that can carry the flowing current efficiently. These free electrons do not remain permanently associated with the copper atoms, instead they form an electron ‘cloud’ around the outside of the atom and are free to move through the solid quickly. http://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/ElementWebSites/copper/uses_of_copper.htm

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To forward bias a germanium diode you need to reach between 0.2 and 0.3 V between anode (+) and cathode (-). Once this voltage is reached, the diode will conduct.

Make sure you have a resistor to limit the forward current to a safe (for the diode, that is) value.

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Germanium Atomic number is 32 and the number of electrons is 32

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actually diamond should be much better, if fabrication issues can be solved, it is faster and will operate up to 600ºC junction temperature. Silicon is limited to 150ºC junction temperature and Germanium is limited to 50ºC to 60ºC. Germanium was originally used because it was easiest to purify and process. Silicon is the cheapest material now, it comes from sand and there is no shortage of that.

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)silicon has got less leakage current

2)high threshold voltage (to avoid unwanted triggering of the device from noise)

3)more adhesive to aluminum

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Which is the pentavalent impurity is boron or germanium or indium or antimony

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In theory A diode clamps 0.7 volts across it but in practice the number is not exactly 0.7 volts because it can not be controlled. This is only the case with Silicon Diodes (clamping 0.7 volts), as Germanium ones, ideally clamp 0 Volts, but in practice it is not exactly Zero.

Basically, in practice it is not exactly 0.7 volts but when doing theory one assumes it to be 0.7volts for ease of operation.

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[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p2

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It tastes all metally.

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The atomic number of germanium (Ge) is 32

The atomic weight of Ge is 72.61 grams per mole.

See the Web Links to the left of this answer for a periodic table with more information about this element!

32