Germanium

Germanium was discovered in 1886 by German chemist Clemens Winkler.

Germanium is typically a grayish-white or silvery-metallic color in its natural form.

Germanium (Ge) is number 32 on the periodic table, and has a mass of 72.64u.

'u' measures to exactly 1/12 of the mass of the isotope 12C

1u is roughly 1.66053886 * 10-27kg

Germanium has 4 energy levels.

The spectroscopic notation of germanium is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2. This notation represents the electron configuration of germanium.

Germanium can be found in compounds such as germanium dioxide (GeO2), germanium tetrahydride (GeH4), and germanium tetrachloride (GeCl4). These compounds are important in the electronics industry and for various chemical applications.

The specific heat of germanium is approximately 0.32 J/g°C.

1. Carbon is used in various industries, such as in the production of steel, as a fuel source, and for manufacturing electronics.
2. Silicon is commonly used in the production of semiconductors, solar panels, and in the construction of integrated circuits.
3. Germanium is used in infrared optics, fiber optics, and in the manufacturing of semiconductors.
4. Tin is used in the production of items like solders, coatings, and as a component in various alloys.
5. Lead is used in batteries, construction materials, and as a radiation shield.
6. Ununquadium (now known as Flerovium) is a man-made element with highly unstable isotopes and no practical uses besides scientific research.

A germanium atom consists of a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electron orbitals. The electron structure of a germanium atom is arranged in energy levels, with 32 electrons distributed among these levels. The outermost shell of a germanium atom contains 4 valence electrons.

In 1886 a German chemist named, Clemens A. Winkler discovered germanium. He discovered the first trace of germanium in the mineral argyrodite, while isolating it. (But germanium rarely makes distinct minerals.) He purified it to find the new element. Before this in 1871 a chemist named, Mendeleev predicted there would be a new element, that would have properties similar to the ones in silicon. His predictions were proved to be true.

You can find Germanium inside transistors. Note. Most transistors today are made from Silicon. In order to find a Germanium transistor you can read the type no. off the device, then look in a data book. Alternatively, if you have the equipment, measure Vcesat for the device. Silicon devices show about 1.2 V. When you find one at about 0.6 V you've got your Germanium.

Germanium can react with elements such as oxygen to form germanium dioxide, sulfur to form germanium sulfide, and halogens like chlorine to form various germanium halides. It can also form alloys with metals such as tin, copper, and silver.

They are members of the group 14 of the periodic table of Mendeleev.

The noble gas notation for germanium is [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p².

Germanium is a metal with many rough edges and smooth bumpy flat areas

Not really. It will combine with oxygen or chlorine / fluorine, but poorly.

A germanium atom with 2 less protons would be an atom of silicon. Silicon has an atomic number of 14, while germanium has an atomic number of 32. By removing 2 protons from germanium, you end up with an atom with an atomic number of 30, which corresponds to silicon.

Germanium is a solid at room temperature and pressure. It has a metallic appearance, similar to that of a metal, and is commonly used in semiconductors and electronics.

Germanium is a semiconductor, meaning it can conduct electricity under certain conditions. It does not conduct electricity as well as metals like copper or silver, but it is commonly used in electronic devices and transistors.

Silicon diodes have a higher forward voltage drop (~0.7V) compared to germanium diodes (~0.3V). Silicon diodes have higher temperature stability and are more commonly used in modern electronic devices, while germanium diodes are more sensitive to temperature changes and are less commonly used.

The boiling point of germanium (Ge) is 2830 Celsius.

Doping silicon and germanium involves introducing impurities into the crystal lattice to alter their electrical conductivity. Adding donor impurities, such as phosphorus, increases the number of free electrons, making the material n-type. Adding acceptor impurities, such as boron, creates "holes", increasing the material's conductivity and making it p-type. Overall, doping changes the electrical properties of silicon and germanium, allowing them to be used in electronics.

Germanium has a higher first ionization energy than gallium because germanium has a smaller atomic size and higher effective nuclear charge, making it more difficult to remove an electron from germanium compared to gallium. This results in a higher energy requirement to remove the outermost electron in germanium, leading to a higher first ionization energy.

A germanium atom typically has 32 electrons. This can be determined by looking at the atomic number of germanium which is 32 in the periodic table.

Hmm, well I can tell you that 1 cm cubed= 1 mL so the volume would be 1 mL.