New Electrical Work

In North America the standard sizes for breakers are 15, 20, 30, and 40 amps. The 15 amp size breaker is used in general circuit wiring. The 20 amp size breaker is used for dedicated appliance receptacles, hot water tank and baseboard heating. The 30 amp size breaker is used for a clothes dryer. The 40 amp size breaker is used for the electric range.

Use the 4 wire if possible. You would only use a 3 wire for an old appliance.
You shouldn't if possible. The 3 wire has no neutral wire as the 4 wire does. Som applications require the use of a 3 wire and some don't.

There are no standard heights required for outside receptacles. Usually they are in accordance with the equipment that they are to supply voltage for. In areas that receive a high snow level they are positioned at a height so as to be accessible year round.

If you are referring to a porcelain or plastic ceiling light fixture most do not have a place to connect the ground wire. You cannot ground these type fixtures. Just connect the ground wire to the mounting crossbar and forget about connecting it to the light itself. It is on the ceiling and will never be touched unless you change the bulb and then you will have the switch in the off position. It is perfectly safe.

Yes, it is 36" clearance in front of the box and 30" clearance on either side of a service panel or disconnect.

AWG # 14 is the smallest wire you can install in a home and it can only be used in living areas. It will carry 15 amps.

A #4 copper conductor will limit the voltage drop to 3% or less when supplying 25 amps for 400 feet on a 120 volt system.

A 1450 watt coffee maker will use around 13 amps at 110 volts.

Normally AWG #10 wire on a 30 amp breaker but it really depends on the size of the pump. The pump manufacture will specify the size wire and size breaker needed.

Outlets must be no more than 12 feet apart.

No, you only need gas for a gas water heater.

PIR = passive infared They detect motion and then activate a switch to turn things on and off

Except for the ground wire they must be insulated.

AWG # 3/0 copper.

Aluminum 4/0 wire car carry 180 amps at at 75 degrees Fahrenheit or 205 amps at 90 degrees. .

AWG #6

You should not load a 125 amp panel any more than 100 amps.

Use a wire table to find the cross-section area of #33 wire, multiply by 7, then find the AWG for that cross-section.

On what? IS this an outlet or a switch?

It allow you to disconnect power to an electrical device with the flip of a switch.

No, 10 gauge wire requires the use of a 30 amp breaker. A 20 amp breaker is only used on 12 gauge wire.

14.4 watts

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Possibly if the kitchen does not have an electric over and electric cook-top and no eclectic water heater in the bathroom. If they are electric have an electrician evaluate what is being powered in the kitchen and the bathroom to determine if a 50 amp sub-panel is large enough. I would for sure at least go with a 60 amp sub-panel.

Yes, they sell just about in home wire you will need.