Sherlock Holmes

No, they all originated in the imagination of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. However, occasionally Holmes gives reference to some famous cases that were solved in real life, such as the cases of Palmer and Pritchard.

They both solve crime but they're different people made by different people. Sherlock Holmes was created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Miss Marple was created by Agatha Christie. Holmes solved cases mostly by relying on the evidence he gathered. Miss Marple solved her cases by understanding the things people do and human nature.

John Watson.

Jabez Wilson was a white man with bright orange/red hair. He was very portly (obese, fat)

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"a very stout, florid-faced, elderly gentleman, with fiery red hair" with "small, fat-encircled eyes"; "portly"

In The Hounds of the Baskervilles, the lonely figure that Watson sees looking over the moors is Sherlock Holmes. At the time, Watson did not realize it was Holmes because he thought Holmes was still in London.

Two

Holmes vs. Dr. Roylott: Dr. Roylott stepped back swiftly forward, seized the poker, and it into curve with his huge brown hands, then Holmesstraightened it out again.

Helen vs. Dr. Roylott: Dr. Roylott killed Julia and he wants to kill Helen.

Dr. Roylott vs. Nature: Roylott shut himself up in his house and seldom came out save to indulge in ferocious quarrels with whoever might cross his path. Violence of temper approaching to mania has been hereditary in Roylott.

". . . Recognizing, as I do, that you are the second highest expert in Europe -'

_____'Indeed, sir! May I inquire who has the honour to be the first?' asked Holmes, with some asperity.

_____'To the man of precisely scientific mind the work of Monsieur Bertillon must always appeal strongly.'

_____'Then had you not better consult him?'

_____'I said, sir, to the precisely scientific mind. But as a practical man of affairs it is acknowledged that you stand alone. I trust, sir, that I have not inadvertently -'

_____'Just a little,' said Holmes.

-- Dr. Mortimer and Sherlock Holmes, The Hound of the Baskervilles (Chapter 1)

Study in Scarlet, Sign of Four, and The Hound of the Baskervilles

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Those are the first 3 Sherlock Holmes novels, but the first 3 overall Conan Doyle novels are:

A Study in Scarlet (1887)

Micah Clarke (1889)

The Mystery of Cloomber (1889)

Beryl Stapleton

Nothing

Nothing. The rope was assumed to be a bell pull to call a servant to come to the room; but Holmes noticed that the rope was not attached to a wire that would have run along the walls to the servants' quarters.

The rope was thus a clue, because the person in the bed thought she could summon help but she could not.

"His name is Armitage - Percy Armitage - the second son of Mr. Armitage, of Crane Water, near Reading." -- Helen Stoner, 'The Adventure of the Speckled Band'

"In her right hand was found the charred stump of a match, and in her left a matchbox." -- Helen Stoner, 'The Adventure of the Speckled Band'

Women didn't figure largely into his life: he never got married, although Watson did. However, there was one woman who outsmarted him that he never forgot. In his cases he seemed to give women a good deal of respect; many of the women he encountered were smart and capable. He even remarked sometimes that a woman's intuition was sometimes more valuable than the most minute analytical observation. So, yes, I think Sherlock Holmes (and by extension the author, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle) did respect women, certainly more than contemporary author Jules Verne, who almost never featured women in his stories and generally liked to pretend that they didn't exist.

"Dr. Roylott then abandoned his attempts to establish himself in practice in London, and took us to live with him in the ancestral house at Stoke Moran." -- Helen Stoner

This is a typical Conan Doyle enigma. The word carbuncle now is generally used in the medical field to describe a type of puss-filled infection under the skin. The carbuncle gemstone from that time is most generally attributed as a red garnet because the word carbuncle means red in gemology. Garnet stones could be almost any color except blue until the first one was found in the 1990s (a century after 'The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle' was published) while they still have not been found in China. The chemical elements that make the sapphire blue, titanium and iron, make the garnet black, but the chemical element that makes the newly discovered garnets blue is vanadium.

In related notes, there is not, nor ever was, a British noblewoman titled the Countess of Morcar while there is no Amoy River in China, but Amoy is the former name of an island city on China's east coast today known as Xiamen.

Serious

If you are referring to the story 'A Scandal in Bohemia', Holmes called it a self-lighting plumber's smoke rocket, which Watson tossed through Irene Adler's sitting-room window. It would best be described in modern terms as a smoke bomb, and it was normally used inside slightly pressurised pipes to test for leaks.

Chapter 6 gives the first, and perhaps the best, description of the moor, but there are smatterings of descriptions throughout the remainder of the novel.

No he did not. Watson made the point that Holmes even maintained his clean-shaven appearance while he was living on the moor in 'The Hound of the Baskervilles.'

No, the reader learns in 'The Adventure of the Empty House' that Mary Morstan Watson has passed away during Holmes' absence.

". . . I am sure that you inquired your way merely in order that you might see [John Clay]."
___"Not him."
___"What then?"
___"The knees of his trousers."
___"And what did you see?"
___"What I expected to see."

he saw that it was very dangerous and did not like it

Conan Doyle never specifically refers to Holmes wearing a deerstalker, although in 'Silver Blaze' we are told that he wears an 'ear-flapped travelling-cap'. Sidney Paget, who illustrated the stories for The Strand magazine, interpreted this as a deerstalker, an image which has remained to the present day.

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In 'The Boscombe Valley Mystery,' Conan Doyle wrote that Holmes wore a 'close-fitting cloth cap' that Sidney Paget interpreted as a deerstalker.