Speleology

Do you mean "water in caves"? That depends on the individual cave, but passages can vary from being permanently full of water to being abandoned and left high-and-dry bylosing their formative streams.

True ice-caves develop under glaciers.

Some high-altitude caves like the Eisreisenwelt are described loosely as ice-caves thanks to major ice deposits within them, but they are still caves formed within rock. The ice is merely coating the walls and roofs.

Maroo-(the main character) A stone age girl and is about 12 yrs old.
Tikek-A pregnant woman and its Maroo's mother
Otak- Maroo's brother
Old Mother- grandmother
Areg-Maroo's father and hes a hunter
Vorka- Maroo's uncle and hes a hunter
Rivo- Maroo's dog

Natural caves are primarily formed through the process of erosion, typically by water. When rainwater seeps into the ground, it can become acidic by dissolving carbon dioxide, which reacts with minerals like limestone. Over time, this acidic water erodes the rock, creating cavities that can develop into larger cave systems. Other methods of cave formation include volcanic activity and the collapse of underground tunnels.

Groundwater naturally contains carbon dioxide, which forms carbonic acid when mixed with water. This weak acid dissolves the limestone, creating cavities and caverns over time through a process called chemical weathering.

54 digrees Farihight

Groundwater can dissolve minerals in the rock over time, creating underground cavities as the water flows through the rock. The dissolved minerals are carried away by the water, leaving void spaces that eventually form into caves. Over long periods of time, erosion and deposition can also help shape these formations into the caves we see today.

Caves are usually natural formations (although some are man made) which bury deep into rock. Windows are man-made objects.

Jane might not be able to see the sun at midday on December 31st if she is located in a region within the Arctic Circle, where the phenomenon of polar night occurs. During this period, the sun does not rise above the horizon for several days or even weeks. Additionally, even if she is outside the Arctic Circle, factors such as tall mountains or buildings could obstruct her view of the sun.

The existence of the horizon at sea, as a circle of radius proportional to altitude of view-point. (Sorry - I don't know the formula.)

Mapping.

Arial evidence from aircraft and now of course, spacecraft.

The water in the caves at Laurel Caverns comes from rainfall and surface water that seeps into the ground through cracks and fractures in the limestone bedrock. Over time, this water dissolves the limestone, creating the cave passages and formations that we see today.

White Nose Syndrome in bats - a fungal infection.

As well as being debilitating anyway I suspect it may be worse for the Horseshoe Bat on which the characteristic nose-leaf is a critical part of the animal's navigating and hunting echo-location.

Competition

Carbon dioxide in the ocean can undergo several processes, including dissolving into the water to form carbonic acid, being taken up by marine organisms for photosynthesis, and participating in chemical reactions that can affect the ocean's pH levels. This can contribute to ocean acidification, which can have negative impacts on marine life.

Yes: look up its own web-site, mauicave.com.

Neither. They may live in or around woodland, but not up trees, and certainly not in caves.

Same as any bat species that uses caves as roosts. They feed outside, but find their way to and from their subterranean roosting, nursery and hibernation* spots by echo-location and memory.

*I don't know if vampire bats hibernate as they are a tropical or sub-tropical species, but the rest still holds.

Suitable caves have been human habitats in the past, or been used as stores. Active caves are conduits taking water from the hills to their resurgences (springs) so some provide water supplies.

Nowaday caves are visitid for recreation, scientific study or as tourist attractions.

Biologically they offer shelter or roosts to some animals, and permanent homes to other, highly-specialised creatures.

Too many to list by species but the main cave-users are bats and some insects that shelter underground but feed outside; and full-time cave-dwellers which are chiefly invertebrates and a few specially-adapted fish and salamanders.