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What are the purposes of the hlr and vlr in gsm networks?
relationship between vlr and hlr
What is HLR?
HLR is the Home Location Register for GSM and CDMA wireless networks. It is responsible for the authentication and authorisation of subscribers and their services.
What's GSM Database?
If you asking about the Customer profile (database), than this information is stored in HLR.
What is mean by airtel hlr?
2 types of HLR in AirTel HLR-1 HLR-2 The HLR 1 Sim is used for migration that mean ur lost sim will activated in to another duplicate (dummy) sim The HLR 2 sim is used for RETAILER (EC SIM) DEALER sim and FOR PORTABILITY SIM.ONE NETWORK 2 ANOTHER NETWORK .....BY STATE 2 STATE THAT MEAN COVERAGE ONE OF STATE FREQUENCY 2 ANOTHER STATE FREQURNCY (SPECIALLY MADE FOR ROAMING)
Who was the first African American editor of the Harvard Law Review?
Charles Hamilton Houston was the first AA editor of the HLR (1922), Obama was the first AA president of the HLR.
Obama held this role at the Harvard law journal?
He was elected president of the Harvard Law Review (students "grade" or "write on" to the review, then the president is elected by their peers). He was the first black president of HLR. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/2008/09/barack-obama-ha.html
How does a mobile phone network operate?
There are different kind of networks. GSM/GPRS works on a cellular network, every "celule" can add up to 7 callers at the same time (the 8th cellule is reserved for data). When one or more of the seven arn't used, they can also be used for data. So the connection between the BTS antenna and the cellphone are direct. The antenna transmits to an HLR and that transmits on one of the centrales of the opérator. 3G/UMTS/HSDPA work on UMTS antennas. Here the transmition is in circels (frequenties) almost like a radio :) Except that one frequentie can only be used once atthe same time.. Greetings
Explain your understanding of responsibilities of a NMC engineer?
Network Monitoring and maintaining the availability. Alarm monitoring at a regular interval. Logging and documentation of Network issues like site down time and up time. Raising trouble tickets and maintain up to date. Inform to the respective team. always informed our support team about any planned activities. quick and accurate trouble shooting of BSC, MSC and HLR its concerned auxiliary units Administration activities like preparing reports and taking back up.
What is msisdn used for?
MSISDN is a number uniquely identifying a subscription in a GSM or UMTS mobile network. Simply put, it is the telephone number to the SIM card in a mobile/cellular phone. The abbreviation has several interpretations, most common one being "Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network Number".[1] The MSISDN together with IMSI are two important numbers used to identify a mobile phone. IMSI is often used as a key in the HLR ("subscriber database") and MSISDN is the number normally dialed to connect a call to the mobile phone. The MSISDN follows the numbering plan defined in the ITU-T recommendation E.164. More Details in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSISDN
What is camel application protocol and what is the role of cap in IMS?
The Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) provides the mechanisms to support services of operators, which are not covered by standardized GSM services even when roaming outside the HPLMN (Home Public Land Mobile Network).The CAMEL feature is a network feature and not a supplementary service. It is a tool to help the network operator provide the subscribers with the operator specific services even when roaming outside the HPLMN. In this specification, the GSM Service Control Function (gsmSCF) is treated as being part of the HPLMN.The regulatory environment in some countries may require the possibility that the gsmSCF and the HPLMN are controlled by different operators, and the gsmSCF and the HPLMN are therefore distinct entities.In the first phase the CAMEL features support: * Mobile originated and forwarded calls * Mobile terminating calls * Any time interrogation * Suppression of announcements Note that CAMEL is not applicable to Emergency Setup (TS 12), i.e., in case an emergency call has been requested the gsmSSF is not invoked.The CAMEL mechanism addresses especially the need for information exchange between the VPLMN (Visited PLMN) or IPLMN (Interrogating PLMN) and the HPLMN for support of operator specific services. Subscribers who have subscribed to operator specific services and therefore need the functional support of the CAMEL feature are marked in the HPLMN and VPLMN. In case a subscriber is marked to need CAMEL support, the appropriate procedures, which provide the necessary information to the VPLMN or to the HPLMN, are invoked. It is possible for the HPLMN to instruct the VPLMN or IPLMN to interact with a gsmSCF, which is controlled by the HPLMN. The CAMEL protocol is an upper layer protocol which is carried over the TCAP protocol as the data portion. In an analogy to common protocols we can parallel the TCAP to the header and the CAMEL to the rest of the decode. The message types are in the format of asn1 messages. Like most asn1 applicable protocols, the CAMEL protocol has many message types that carry a high volume of data. ABBREVIATIONS BCSM Basic Call State Model CAMEL Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic DP Detection Point EDP Event Detection Point GMSC Gateway MSC gsmSCF GSM Service Control Function gsmSRF GSM Specialised Resource Function gsmSSF GSM Service Switching Function HLR Home Location Register HPLMN Home PLMN IPLMN Interrogating PLMN MSC Mobile service Switching Centre O-BCSM Originating Basic Call State Model O-CSI Originating CAMEL Subscription Information OSS Operator Specific Service PIC Point In Call PLMN Public Land Mobile Network SMF Service Management Function SS-CSI Supplementary Service Notification CAMEL Subscription Information T-BCSM Terminating Basic Call State Model T-CSI Terminating CAMEL Subscription Information VLR Visitor Location Register VPLMN Visited PLMN
Block diagram of Basic cellular system and its explanation?
1. Introduction There are various cellular systems in the world, such as the GSM and CDMA. The design of these cellular systems are complicated but the architecture of most cellular systems can be broken down into six basic components. In this article, I will illustrate the six basic components that can be found in most cellular systems. 2. Six basic components of Cellular Systems The architecture of most cellular systems can be broken down into the following six components: a) Mobile Station (MS) A mobile station is basically a mobile/wireless device that contains a control unit, a transceiver and an antenna system for data and voice transmission. For example, in GSM networks, the mobile station will consist of the mobile equipment (ME) and the SIM card. b) Air Interface Standard There are three main air interface protocols or standards: frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA). These standards are basically the medium access control (MAC) protocols that define the rules for entities to access the communication medium. These air interface standards allow many mobile user to share simultaneously the finite amount of radio channels. c) Base Station (BS) A base station is a fixed station in a mobile cellular system used for radio communications with mobile units. They consist of radio channels and transmitter and receiver antenna mounted on a tower. d) Databases Another integral component of a cellular system is the databases. Databases are used to keep track of information like billing, caller location, subscriber data, etc. There are two main databases called the Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR). The HLR contains the information of each subscriber who resides in the same city as the mobile switching center (MSC). The VLR temporarily stores the information for each visiting subscriber in the coverage area of a MSC. Thus, the VLR is the database that supports roaming capability. e) Security Mechanism The security mechanism is to confirm that a particular subscriber is allowed to access the network and also to authenticate the billing. There are two databases used for security mechanism: Equipment Identify Register (EIR) and Authentication Center (AuC). The EIR identifies stolen or fraudulently altered phones that transmit identity data that does not match with information contained in either the HLR or VLR. The AuC, on the other hand, manages the actual encryption and verification of each subscriber. f) Gateway The final basic component of a cellular system is the Gateway. The gateway is the communication links between two wireless systems or between wireless and wired systems. There are two logical components inside the Gateway: mobile switching center (MSC) and interworking function (IWF). The MSC connects the cellular base stations and the mobile stations to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or other MSC. It contains the EIR database. The IWF connects the cellular base stations and the mobile stations to Internet and perform protocol translation if needed. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/1752247
Mention the parts available in basic cellular system?
The architecture of most cellular systems can be broken down into the following six components: a) Mobile Station (MS): A mobile station is basically a mobile or wireless device that contains a control unit, a transceiver and an antenna system for data and voice transmission. For example, in GSM networks, the mobile station will consist of the mobile equipment (ME) and the SIM card. b) Air Interface Standard: There are three main air interface protocols or standards: frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA). These standards are basically the medium access control (MAC) protocols that define the rules for entities to access the communication medium. These air interface standards allow many mobile user to share simultaneously the finite amount of radio channels. c) Base Station (BS): A base station is a fixed station in a mobile cellular system used for radio communications with mobile units. They consist of radio channels and transmitter and receiver antenna mounted on a tower. d) Gateway: The gateway is the communication links between two wireless systems or between wireless and wired systems. There are two logical components inside the Gateway: mobile switching center (MSC) and interworking function (IWF). The MSC connects the cellular base stations and the mobile stations to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or other MSC. It contains the EIR database. The IWF connects the cellular base stations and the mobile stations to Internet and perform protocol translation if needed. e) Databases: Another integral component of a cellular system is the databases. There are two main databases: the Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR). The HLR contains the information of each subscriber who resides in the same city as the mobile switching center (MSC). The VLR temporarily stores the information for each visiting subscriber in the coverage area of a MSC. The VLR is the database that supports roaming capability. f) Security Mechanism: The security mechanism is to confirm that a particular subscriber is allowed to access the network and also to authenticate the billing. There are two databases used for security mechanism: Equipment Identify Register (EIR) and Authentication Center (AuC). The EIR identifies stolen or fraudulently altered phones that transmit identity data that does not match with information contained in either the HLR or VLR. The AuC, on the other hand, manages the actual encryption and verification of each subscriber.
