Frequency. FSK means Frequency Shift Keying.
FSK MODEMs use 4 frequencies at the low end of the audio range:
These frequencies were selected by AT&T to all fit in the 3000 Hz bandwidth of a standard long distance voice telephone line and allow both sides to be sending data at the same time without interfering with each other.
A source of variation refers to factors that contribute to differences in data or outcomes. Examples of sources of variation include measurement errors, environmental changes, and individual differences. However, a static constant, such as a fixed parameter in an experiment that does not change, is NOT a source of variation, as it does not introduce any differences in the results.
To determine the standard value for a given parameter, one can use statistical methods such as calculating the mean, median, or mode of a set of data points related to that parameter. These values represent typical or average values for the parameter and can help establish a standard reference point.
The hat notation in mathematical statistics is used to represent an estimate of a parameter based on sample data. It signifies that the value is an estimate rather than the true parameter value.
Private line modems worked exclusively with voice and data private lines
When modems handshake they are "talking" to each other while in the process of sending and receiving data.
Modems can vary the amplitude, frequency, and phase of the electrical signals transmitted over the telephone network to encode data. Amplitude modulation changes the strength of the signal to represent different data values, frequency modulation alters the signal's frequency for encoding, and phase modulation shifts the phase of the signal to convey information. By manipulating these aspects, modems effectively translate digital data into a format suitable for transmission over analog telephone lines.
The fastest dial-up modems have a maximum transfer rate of 56 kbps.
2400 Hz
measures of variation
Symbolic data differ from standard data in that they contain internal variation.
Parameters typically consist of three main components: the parameter name, which identifies the variable; the parameter type, which defines the kind of data the parameter can hold (e.g., integer, string, etc.); and the parameter value, which is the actual data assigned to the parameter during execution. These components work together to enable functions or methods to accept inputs and operate on them effectively. In some contexts, default values and constraints may also be considered part of parameter specifications.
it means the data is different; the data varies.