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Most galaxies are known to us only by index numbers assigned by astronomers, and a great number of the newly-discovered ones don't even have numbers yet. One of the earliest lists including galaxies were developed by the French astronomer Messier. Messier was primarily a comet-hunter; he wasn't much interested in things that weren't comets, but he kept re-discovering the same comet-like objects in his telescope. So he compiled an index of "comet-like things that aren't comets". The 31st item in Messier's list, called (unimaginatively enough) "M31", is what we now call the Andromeda galaxy, or sometimes the "Great Nebula in Andromeda".

Some of the not-too-far-distant ones have interesting names suggested by their shape or appearance; for example, M104, the Sombrero Galaxy, or M82, the Cigar Galaxy.

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