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There is no single correct answer to this question, but it is easy to imagine what one possible architecture could be, and it is easy to identify a poor choice:

The simpleton's array of bytes is not a good structure for a text processing system, since it makes insertion or deletion costly operations.

One possible structure would be based on double-linked lists of zero or more chapter items.

Each chapter could have a title and a chapter number (and similar attributes), and contain a double-linked list of paragraph items.

Each paragraph could have paragraph-wide attributes (such as left indentation or alignment), and contain a double-linked list of token items.

Each token could have a set of attributes, and contain a double-linked list of character items.

Each character item would have attributes (typeface, font, visibility, etc), and a value (for example, the letter A or the digit 5 or a code for a question mark.

All lists are double-linked to enable traversal in both directions at the same speed.

While the proposed set of double-linked lists could be a good choice for text entry and editing, the proposed structures have a significant memory footprint and would be pretty slow to search for complete phrases. It is therefore safe to assume that true text processing systems, especially those designed to work with large texts, use a more specialized and more optimized architecture.

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