In TCP, after sending a certain amount of data, the sender has to wait for a confirmation, before sending more. The amount of data that can be sent before receiving a confirmation is called the "window size". This window size may vary during the transmission, depending on the quality of the link.
**The TCP transport layer protocol uses windowing and acknowledgments for reliable transfer of data. **The TCP and UDP port numbers are used by application layer protocols. **The TCP transport layer protocol provides services to direct the data packets to their destination hosts.
Windowing is typically provided in the transport layer of the OSI model. It is a flow control mechanism that allows a sender to transmit multiple packets before needing an acknowledgment for the first one, thereby improving throughput and efficiency. This technique is commonly used in protocols like TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) to manage data transmission between devices.
transport layer
In the OSI model, flow control is primarily managed by the Transport layer (Layer 4). This layer ensures that data is transmitted at a rate that matches the receiving device's capability to process it, preventing overflow and data loss. It employs techniques such as buffering, windowing, and acknowledgment mechanisms to regulate the flow of data between sender and receiver.
transport layer
TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols; the OSI layer is layer 4 (transport)
Application layer, and Transport layer.
transport layer
transport layer
TCP operates at transport layer
The windowing is a feature of manage bandwidth of transferring data.
MEX - windowing system - was created in 1985.