Around 750 million years after the big bang. The oldest galaxy known is IOK-1 [See related link]
Gravity is the primary force involved in the formation of galaxies after the big bang. Over time, the gravitational attraction between matter caused it to clump together, forming structures like galaxies and clusters of galaxies.
Galaxies began forming around 13.6 billion years ago, not long after the Big Bang that created the universe. Over time, gravity caused matter to clump together, eventually forming the galaxies we observe today.
At some moment, there were minor fluctuations in the matter density in the Universe. This is related to the theory of inflation.Due to gravitation, the parts that had a little more density to start with gathered more mass from the surrounding areas, thus forming galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters.
For a start, look up "Local Group" in the Wikipedia. This will show you a list of nearby galaxies.
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No. Elliptical galaxies are some of the oldest galaxies.They are also called early galaxies. The elliptical galaxies are made of low massed stars, a sparse interstellar medium and very low star forming characteristics.
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In a galaxy, there are stars, the stars' planets, and the planets' moons. There are comets, asteroids, gas, dust, emptiness. You'll find nebula (star-forming regions) and black holes. In most galaxies, there is one supermassive black hole in the center that holds the entire galaxy together.
Stars come in a variety of types. Blue stars, which are very hot, tend to have shorter lifetimes than red stars, which are cooler. Regions of galaxies where stars are currently forming are therefore bluer than regions where there has been no recent star formation. Spiral galaxies seem to have a lot of gas and dust, while elliptical galaxies have very little gas or dust.