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Mudflats and saltmarshes in estuaries are formed through a combination of sediment deposition and tidal influences. As rivers carry sediment into estuaries, the slowing current at the tidal interface allows fine particles to settle, creating mudflats. Over time, the accumulation of organic matter and the growth of salt-tolerant plants lead to the development of saltmarshes, which stabilize the sediment and enhance habitat diversity. These ecosystems play crucial roles in coastal protection, water filtration, and supporting biodiversity.

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