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Hagia Sophia's dome collapsed in 558 AD due to structural weaknesses exacerbated by an earthquake. The original dome, built under Emperor Justinian I, had already undergone modifications and repairs over the years, but the seismic activity revealed critical flaws in its design and materials. Following the collapse, the dome was rebuilt with a larger, more stable design that included a ring of windows to reduce weight and enhance stability. This reconstruction allowed Hagia Sophia to endure through the centuries as an architectural marvel.

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