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I will refer to delivery and removal of CO2 and O2 as "gas exchange," which is the sum of the rate of diffusion into and out of an organism. The total amount of gas exchange is dependent on the rates of diffusion and the rates of diffusion are dependent on the availability of moisture, surface area and concentration gradients. When we are dealing with corals there is no need to pay attention to the availability of moisture because they grow in water, since they breathe the same way that fish do, and therefore moisture is not a limiting factor for diffusion. Surface area is controlled mostly by the corals themselves; in the short term corals can change their polyp extension and colony expansion, and in the long term corals can modify their morphology. The only factor left for aquarists to control is the concentration gradient, which is affected by the degree and type of water motion.

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