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In the upper course: The valley is V-shaped due to there being lateral erosion and gravity is the predominant force and the water wants to reach the base level (sea level). There is more transportation by suspension, traction and saltation but not solution. Erosion is primarily hydraulic action and solution. Finally, there are interlocking spurs in the upper course which wind round the rocks (but are no meanders)

In the Middle Course: The valley becomes wider as lateral erosion takes over, due to the fact that the river is closer to the base level. Meanders begin to occur as there is faster flow on the outside so more erosion but slower velocity on the inside causing deposition.

In the lower course: The river is at it's deepest here and most wide, which much larger meanders. The valley has a greater velocity as there is less friction. Most transportation is in the form of solution

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