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Features of castles changed greatly throughout the centuries. A motte and bailey castle, for example, prevalent in France after the viking invasion and England after 1066, consisted of a huge mound of earth with a tower on top. An early stone castle consisted of one stone keep, sometimes huge in size (e.g Rochester) and perhaps a ditch around the outside.
After this, castles got fancy. The idea of a keep was abandoned and a concentric castle was developed- no keep, just really strong curtain walls, with mural towers (towers in the wall) The gatehouse became the strongest point of a castle, with either two or one towers protecting it, depending on the date it was built in. Arrow slits were an early development, and when guns were used, they were often adapted to accomodate guns too. A good example of a castle like this is Caerphilly, built by Edward I in the late 12th century.

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