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Reef corals exist in seawatersalinities ranging from 25 to 42 per cent. At the lower end of the salinity tolerance range, following storm and flood events, corals can be killed by 'freshwaters'. Symptoms of coral stress caused by lowered salinities include excessive mucous release and loss of zooxanthellae (bleaching). Salinity impacts to corals are increased by other flood related stresses such as sedimentation, turbidity and increased ultraviolet radiation exposure. For example, shallow reefs in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Keppel Island region suffered almost complete mortality due to prolonged salinity stress following the 1991 Fitzroy River floods, and 50 per cent of the fringing reefs around Great Barrier Reef Snapper Island were killed by freshwater flood run-off in 1998.

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