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To the west of Vero Beach in Indian River County and west of Fort Pierce in St. Lucie County is a large marshland elevated about 17-18 feet above sea level. This marshland originally extended north and south some thirty of so miles and served as a rain water collection area for streams flowing into it from the east and the west. The water in this vast marshland collection area gradually flowed northward forming the St. Johns River. Today, Most of the marshland of St. Lucie County has been converted into citrus growing lands with excess water diverted via canals to Fort Pierce and the sea. In Indian River County much of the original marshland was put into cropland during the 20th century. Some of this land is now being converted back into shallow water control structures that provide water for the St. Johns River. The St. Johns River Water Management District uses a figure of 310 miles for the length of the St. Johns River. The headwater of the marshland today is at about the southern boundary of Indian River County, a distance of about 280 miles from the mouth of the St. Johns River in Duval County.

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