A vertical climate a climate affected by altitude (usually found on a mountain). One example is that on a mountain the higher up you go the colder the climate (or temperature) is.
Mountain ranges usually have a cold climate in its surrounding areas. They also help diminish winds coming in from the seas.
Volcanic arcs are usually island arcs off the coast of a continent, while volcanic mountain ranges are usually inland inside a continent. But the volcanoes of a volcanic island arc do form an undersea volcanic mountain range. So to some extent the difference is mostly a matter of terminology.
Mountain lions usually live in dry, desert regions. They generally like to live in mountains where they can hide in caves.
Moscow is west of the Urals, the mountain range usually considered as dividing Europe from Asia. Thus Moscow is in Europe.
The rugged interior of the Australian continent is called the outback. This is usually a very dry, hot, and rocky area but temperatures can vary greatly depending on the time of year. It is known as Australia's dessert.
The leeward side of a mountain is typically drier and experiences a rain shadow effect, where the air loses moisture as it rises and cools over the mountain, leading to less precipitation. In contrast, the windward side of a mountain is usually wetter due to orographic lifting, where air is forced to rise, cool, and condense, resulting in more rainfall or snowfall.
Moscow is west of the Urals, the mountain range usually considered as dividing Europe from Asia. Thus Moscow is in Europe.
On a continent, you are usually higher than sea level. Imagine you are on a mountain: you are farther from the center of the earth, so the force of gravity will be less. Also, if the rocks under a continent are less dense, this would make gravity weaker.
The oldest and most stable part of a continent is usually the craton, which is a large area of exposed ancient rocks that have not undergone significant tectonic activity for millions of years. Cratons are found in the interior regions of continents and provide a stable foundation for the continent's geology.
Interior usually refers to buildings. Internal usually refers to bodies.
The type of climate found in the interior of the major continents in the middle, or temperate, latitudes. The climate is characterized by a great seasonal variation in temperatures, four distinct seasons, and a relatively small annual precipitation.