The forts along the wall were constructed to prohibit the northern barbarians to attack Chinese border towns.
barbarians
Barbarians
barbarians
barbarians
The Chinese thought that the Europeans were barbarians who were worst than the Manchurians and the Mongolians who were also barbarians in the eyes of the Chinese. Europeans had to bow down to the Chinese when they wanted to trade with the Chinese. The Chinese however did not abuse their power on the Europeans because the Chinese saw themselves as the "Middle Kingdom" and believed that all other nations and people in the world will eventually adopt the Chinese ways. The Chinese don't shove their culture down other people's throats. I would say that the Chinese thinking was arrogance and vanity at its best.Source: Prelude to Opium War Qing DynastyThe Chinese thought that the Europeans were barbarians
A distinct order of living things: Chinese, barbarians, and beasts
yes
Ethnocentricism
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The Chinese thought the Europeans were "barbarians" due to their different customs, language, and appearance. Europeans were initially seen as uncivilized outsiders by the Chinese.
Ethnocentricism