Monosyllabic words and their derivatives have a short vowel. A vowel followed by a single consonant and an 'e' is long. A vowel followed by a single consonant and a different vowel is likely to be long. A vowel followed by two consonants is short. There are exceptions, of course, and you just have to learn them I'm afraid.
The word "budge" has a short U sound. It is pronounced /bʌdʒ/.
It is a long U, as it rhymes with frugal.
The word "tune" has a long vowel sound because the "u" is pronounced like "yoo" and not like "uh."
Long u
"Hunt" is considered a short U word. The U sound in "hunt" is pronounced like the 'uh' sound.
The U in music has a long U (long OO) sound, but the I is a short I.
Yes, the word "bug" has a short U sound, not a long U sound.
Ritual has both short and long vowel sounds. The I is a short I, the U is a long U (long OO) and the A has a schwa sound.
If it was to be a long u , it'd sound like sue-ch. Therefore, it is a short u.
Yes, the word "spoon" has a short U sound, not a long U sound.
The word "was" has a short U vowel sound (wuz).
The O in 'who' is long, but it isn't a long 'o'. It's a long 'u'.