This only generally happens when they are not allowed to cool slowly and for example a cold draft goes acrooss it allowing one side to cool faster.
Nitriding is a surface hardening process where nitrogen is diffused into the surface layer of a metal to improve its hardness, wear resistance, and fatigue strength. This is usually achieved by exposing the metal to a nitrogen-rich atmosphere at elevated temperatures for an extended period. The process can be carried out using various methods such as gas nitriding, salt bath nitriding, or plasma nitriding.
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to increase the strength of the material
I think the crankshafts are made of alloy steel. vanadium is one of the metals used for alloying.
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plasma nitriding
Yes. All they way up to 2000. However, different size engines, have different size strokes, thus different crankshafts. But 350, to 350, say, yes.
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The benefits of hard nitriding cast iron in industrial applications include increased hardness, wear resistance, and improved fatigue strength. However, challenges may arise in terms of cost, complexity of the nitriding process, and potential distortion of the cast iron components.
Engine crankshafts usually break when there is too much pressure on them. Some have flaws and may break under normal use.
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In nitriding we diffuse nitrogen into a materialat some temperature in a furnace to combine with other elemnts to form nitrides. Ionitriding is a plasma process where nitrogen ions are "attracted" to a material and when they strike the surface they generate enough heat to allow diffusion.