If s/he has a working visa or is an EU citizen and can find a job, then certainly.
No not as a dependent. On the married filing joint income tax return the is an exemption on the 1040 tax form the same as the taxpayer.
The spouse, the children, and any covered adult dependent.
You may never claim your spouse as a dependent. You may, however, claim a standard exemption for your spouse if she does not have to file and you are not filing jointly (and as long as no one else is claiming her as a dependent).
That is dependent of the work history of the wife.
No. If you're Married Filing Jointly, then you're allowed one personal exemption for you and one exemption for your husband. You can't claim your spouse as a dependent. Even if you're working and your spouse isn't, you can't claim your spouse as a dependent because you're allowed to claim two personal exemptions total for the two of you as a married couple filing jointly.
That is entirely dependent on company policy.
You cannot petition them as grandparents do NOT qualify as a dependent relative/spouse. You can only petition a spouse, children, and parents.
It is asking you if you have a spouse or any children that depend on you for their livelihood.
Yes, if the spouse meets all other criteria for dependent (i.e., income, cohabitation, etc.). You must not state that the relation is "spouse," however. You can use the relation "other."
You can...and it's a double exemption most of the time.
Oh, dude, that's a tough one. Technically, if the surviving spouse never worked and was just a dependent, they wouldn't be responsible for the deceased spouse's back taxes. But hey, I'm no tax expert, so maybe double-check with someone who actually cares about this stuff. Like, good luck with all that tax drama, man.
Yes, a J-1 visa holder in the US may bring their spouse and children under the age 21 under J-2 dependent visa. They must maintain their status in line with your J-1 status and complete the required application processes. Subject to specific restrictions, people can apply for work visas and study after they arrive.