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The Peloponnesian War, fought between Athens and Sparta from 431 to 404 BCE, severely weakened the Greek city-states, leading to their eventual downfall. The prolonged conflict drained resources, diminished military strength, and caused significant loss of life, fracturing alliances and sowing discord among the states. Additionally, the war left Greece vulnerable to external threats, particularly from Macedonia, ultimately paving the way for the rise of Philip II and the end of the classical Greek political landscape. This period of instability and fragmentation marked the decline of the city-state system that had defined ancient Greece.

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