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iN 1664, Colonel Richard Nicolls led a fleet of four warships, carrying 450 soldiers, that sailed into the harbor of New Amsterdam (present-day New York City) and demanded the surrender of the entire colony of New Netherlands (which included settlements along the Hudson River up to Albany and elsewhere). It was a surprise attack and New Amsterdam was not prepared to fight, with only 150 soldiers of their own, plus Nicolls offered the people of New Amsterdam the same rights as English citizens if they surrendered without a fight. Nicolls was acting on behalf of the Duke of York in England, which is why the colony was renamed New York. In return for Nicolls' successful conquest, he was named Governor of the colony of New York.

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