The first economic change was the introduction of cash crops in Africa which led to decline of food crops. A political change was the introduction of administrative systems.
After the introduction of Islam in West Africa, governance transformed significantly as Islamic principles influenced political systems. Many states incorporated Sharia law into their legal frameworks, leading to the establishment of Islamic courts and the promotion of scholars and religious leaders in governance. Additionally, the rise of Islamic empires, such as the Mali and Songhai Empires, facilitated centralized authority and trade networks, enhancing political stability and economic prosperity. This shift also encouraged the development of a more literate bureaucratic class, as Arabic became the language of administration and scholarship.
the introduction of disease by contact with Europeans.
Most people do
Siri Bella Ngoh Musongong has written: 'Agricultural innovations and adaptations to climate change effects and food security in Central Africa'
Africa - African
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No, dua cannot change one's qadr, which refers to predestination or fate in Islamic belief.
the introduction of a new way to track CD sales
the introduction of a new way to track CD sales
12th of February 2012 will be 19th Rabi' al-Awwal 1433 in the Islamic calendar. However it should be noted that the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar and the exact dates will change year to year.