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Evidence from opticians is that about 10% of the male population who have been tested have been found to have some kind of defect in their ability to distinguish between colors, but the percentage is much lower among females. In some cases the defect is caused by a defect in the function of the person's eye rods or cones of his retina, and in others a defect in the nerve cells in his brain. Full color blindness, where everything appears monochromatic is extremely rare, believed to affect less than 0.1% of humans.

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