Pressman and Wildavsky in their 1973 study of the impact of federal programs in Oakland California felt that policy planning should look carefully at the difficulties surrounding the implementation?

Answer 1

Pressman and Wildavsky's 1973 study emphasized the importance of understanding the complexities and challenges faced during the implementation of federal programs, particularly in Oakland, California. They argued that successful policy planning must account for the realities of local contexts, stakeholder interactions, and the often unpredictable nature of policy execution. Their findings highlighted that well-designed policies could fail if not adapted to the specific conditions and dynamics of the implementation environment. Ultimately, they called for a more nuanced approach to policy analysis that goes beyond mere formulation to include the practical aspects of execution.