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The US had passed the Guano Islands Act of 1856, which allowed American sailing vessels to temporarily claim and occupy islands for the removal of guano (bird droppings) which were valuable as fertilizer.

On July 5, 1859, Midway atoll was sighted by Captain N.C. Middlebrooks, on the seal-hunting ship Gambia. The islands were named the "Middlebrook Islands" or the "Brook Islands". Nine years later, on August 28, 1867, Captain William Reynolds of the USS Lackawanna formally took possession of the atoll for the United States. Although technically part of the Hawaiian seamount chain, the island was separately annexed and placed under control of the US Navy.

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