It was The Clean Air Act of 1962 which only allowed smokeless fuels to be burned in open fires. Central heating wasn't widespread at that time and most people had coal fires to heat their houses and we still had manufacturing factories which belched out smoke. The word 'smog' was an amalgamation of the words 'smoke' and 'fog'.
There hasn't been a smog in London for about 50 years.
London-type smog is caused mainly by air pollution due to combustion of coal and emission of sulfur dioxide and dust. London smog has humid, foggy, stagnant air.
London
No, it will not pass the smog test with a defective or removed O2 sensor.
coal
It no longer exists/happens but in the days when London houses used coal fires to heat homes, the coal smoke mixed with normal fog to produce what was called "smog" (smoke and fog). It was very thick and very bad for health. London no longer has "smog" events because it no longer allows chimneys to emit smoke.
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Smog is a layer of low level ozone, consisting of three oxygen atoms singly bonded together, it is formed from oxides of nitrogen and unburnt hydrocarbons, with the energy fro the reaction provided by sunlight.
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Photochemical smog can occur most anywhere. London-type smog comes from factories and the burning of coal and fossil fuels, where photochemical smog comes from hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides mixing with sunlight.
The London type of smog (smog "Classic" as opposed to photochemical smog as is popular in other major cities) is the result of coal smoke (particulate matter from incomplete combustion and sulfur dioxide) and fog, The resultant heavy acidic mixture of smoke an dfog an create a number of problems related to acidic precipitation and health problems such as asthma.