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The entire island was once known as just "Ireland" and was under British rule. In 1922, 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland fought from the Union to form its own country, as a result of the Irish War of Independence. This is now known as the "Republic of Ireland".

The remaining 6 counties did not fight because the majority in these counties were unionist (i.e. were pro-British and wanted to still be part of Britain's rule) and this is now known as "Northern Ireland". Northern Ireland remains a part of the UK but is mostly self-governing.

That's just a brief and general explaination.

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