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There were a number of sects operating through the Middle Ages. Prior to the Great Schism of the 11th century, the Roman Catholic Church was the most powerful. After that time, the greatest body of the Church was divided in two, with the Roman Catholics in the West, centered on Rome, and the Eastern Orthodox in the East, centered on Constantinople.

Other Churches of interest include the Celtic Church, which was absorbed into Roman Catholicism after the Council of Whitby in the 7th century, the Oriental Orthodox Church, and the Coptic Church, which began in Alexandria and remains to this day, with its own pope. Churches such as the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Indian Orthodox Church existed during the time, but were outside the area of the European Middle Ages.

There were a large number of religious groups regarded as heretical today and by the dominant Church of the time. Possibly the most notable of these was the Cathars, against whom the Church conducted the Albigensian Crusade. There were also the Gnostics, Monatists. Bogomils, Free Spirits, Waldensians, and many others.

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