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On 5 January 1819, English judge John Thomas Bigge was dispatched to inquire into the actions of Governor Macquarie in the New South Wales colony. Bigge felt that the convicts should be treater with stricter discipline and harsher punishment, and that the emancipists should be held in greater account. Bigge criticised Macquarie for his spending on public works and for his attempts to create an orderly colony out of the haphazard settlement that Sydney had grown into. Bigge reported that more monies should be returned directly into the economy of Sydney itself, rather than expansion beyond its confines (Macquarie was also a great sponsor of exploration to find new rivers and new lands for settlement). As a result of the inquiry and Bigge's report, Macquarie was forced to resign his commission and return to England to defend his administration.

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