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A sudden outbreak of plague that destroyed 2/3's of the Athenian population and a soon following defeat against Sparta's ally Syria in war. (What do you know you really DO use world history in real life)

Addendum

The plague was a factor but the two thirds loss is questionable. And even after that setback, they did rather well for the next 20 years of the war. A more serious loss was the early death of Pericles which deprived them of his steadying hand, and left the democracy to being swayed the erratic demagogues.

Other factors were:

1. Athenian adventurousness - their foray in Sicily against Syracuse cost them dearly in manpower, ships and money, seriously weakening their military capacity.

2. Persian financial support to the Spartan alliancewhich enabled them to assemble a fleet which could match the hitherto dominant Athenian fleet.

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