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The four key Spanish institutions in colonial South America were the Viceroyalties, Audiencias, Cabildos, and the Catholic Church. The Viceroyalties, such as New Granada and Peru, served as the highest administrative divisions, overseeing large regions. Audiencias functioned as high courts and advisory councils, ensuring legal and administrative oversight. Cabildos acted as local government councils, managing municipal affairs, while the Catholic Church played a crucial role in governance, education, and cultural assimilation.

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