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After three months of fighting, Cortes defeated the capital city of the Aztec Empire, Tenochtitlan. The emperor Cuauhtémoc was taken prisoner and executed later that same year, and Cortes became the ruler of the expansive empire. The surviving Aztecs were highly susceptible to European diseases previously unknown to their culture, such as smallpox and typhus. In 1521, smallpox decimated the population of Tenochtitlan. Two following epidemics killed 75 percent of the remaining population, according to the New World Encyclopedia. Surviving Aztecs were not allowed to learn of their native culture and were forced to read and write in Spanish. Many elements of Aztec culture were lost forever.

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