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Turkey as we know it today, did not come into being until The Treaty of Lausanne (1923) established the present boundaries of Turkey, except for the disputed region of Alexandretta. Turkey was able to exercise full sovereign rights over its entire territory, except the Dardanelles, which was demilitarized.
Turkey was formally proclaimed a republic in Oct 1923, with Kemal (Ataturk) as its first president; he was reelected in 1927, 1931, and 1935. The caliphate was abolished in 1924, and in the same year a constitution was formed that provided for a parliament elected by universal manhood suffrage (extended to women in 1934), and for a cabinet responsible to parliament. However, Kemal governed as a virtual dictator, and his Republican People's party was the only legal party, except for brief periods. During the 14 years of Kemal's rule, Turkey underwent a great transformation, which changed the religious, social, and cultural bases of Turkish society as well as its political and economic structure.
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