Never (it's outside of the tropics).
The Sun is directly over the equator on both the Vernal and Autumnal equinoxes. The Autumnal equinox is usually on the 21st or 22nd of September but can occur as late as the 23rd. On both equinoxes however all of the countries along the equator will have the sun pass directly overhead. It will rise due East, be directly overhead at noon and set due West.
No, the celestial equator does not always pass directly overhead. The position of the celestial equator in the sky is determined by the observer's latitude on Earth. If the observer is located at the equator, the celestial equator will pass directly overhead. However, for observers at different latitudes, the celestial equator will appear at an angle to the horizon.
That may happen - at different times of the year - in any latitude between the tropics - that is, between 23.5 degrees north, and 23.5 degrees south. Note that this angle is precisely the tilt of Earth's axis.
I imagine so, near the lunar equator the Earth will pass close to directly overhead.
At sunrise and sunset the sun is near the horizon. The rays of light from upper & lower part of the periphery of the sun bend unequally on travelling through earth's atmosphere. That is why sun appear oval or flattened at sunrise and sunset. At noon sun is overhead. The rays of light from the sun enter earth's atmosphere normally. Therefore they suffer no refraction or bending on passing through. Hence the sun appears circular at noon.
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Never. The only time the sun can appear directly overhead at Lagos is sometime near April 5 and again sometime near September 4.
The overhead pass is an important skill for passing a ball and making a set to attackers
The railroads. When railroading started, time was based on the position of the sun: when it is directly overhead, it's "noon." Or, on a clock, 12:00. The problem with that is, what is "noon" in Chicago is not noon in Detroit or Milwaukee. This makes it hard to calculate timetables--if it takes an hour to go from Alphaville to Bravoville, you then have to work in a time correction factor. Worse: if a train leaves Alphaville going to Bravoville at noon, and a train leaves Bravoville going to Alphaville at noon, they're going to reach their destinations at different times. So, they came up with a "standard time" deal. They divided the nation into four sections, because it takes four hours for the sun to pass across the US. Then they decided noon would be when the sun got to the middle of each section. Now, if a train leaves Bravoville for Alphaville at noon and one leaves Alphaville for Bravoville at noon, they'll both reach their destinations at the same time.
Chest pass, overhead pass, bounce pass, baseball pass
An overhead pass is a pass thrown overhead. This is done by grabbing the ball with both hands and bringing it behind your head. After that, just chuck the ball forwards. That is an overhead pass.
No. The moon actually splits in two and thats how the eye percieves it as one.