Ptolemy
Mathematike Syntaxis, also known as Syntaxis mathematica, was written by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century. It was written in Greek, and is also known as Almagest.
Euclid was a Greek mathematician best known for his treatise on geometry: The Elements . This influenced the development of Western mathematics for more than 2000 years.
The Prince was a political treatise written by Italian author Niccolò Machiavelli around 1513 AD.
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Ptolemy developed several mathematical models to describe the motions of the sun, the moon, the planets and the stars. The book that describes these models is called "The Almagest" or "Ptolemy's Almagest". The models all assume: 1. The earth is stationary. 2. All objects travel with uniform speed on a perfectly circular orbit. However, a model that placed the earth in the centre of the orbits of all other objects would not work because it does not account for various anomalies, including the varying length of seasons, the irregularity of eclipses of the moons and the retrograde motion of the planets. Ptolemy used two mathematical devices to deal with the anomalies: eccentricity (an offset from the centre of a circle) and epicycles - circular orbits whose centre (or eccentric) itself traveled in a uniform circular orbit. Much of the material in The Almagest was already known to Greek astronomers. Ptolemy's contribution was to consolidate all known results, make large improvements to the models, and to write it all down in a way that became a standard for the way to present the results of scientific enquiry. His book was the standard text book for astronomers until his models were ultimately improved by Copernicus, Kepler and Newton. Ptolemy also wrote a treatise on Astrology, based on his deep knowledge of the motions of the heavenly bodies. This work is called The Tetrabiblos.
That is known as an "astronomical unit".
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Benjamin Banneker, a self-taught African American mathematician, astronomer, and surveyor, is known for publishing almanacs based on his astronomical calculations. His almanacs contained tide tables, future astronomical occurrences, and other useful information for farmers and navigators.
Radar was reflected off the surfaces of nearby planets whose distances are known in astronomical units.
The average distance of a planet to the sun is the Semi-major axis. The furthest it gets is the Aphelion and the closest it gets is its Perihelion. The Sun to Earth Distance is also known as one Astronomical Unit (AU).
In Greek myth, Cupid was known as Eros.