Melbourne, Australia is farther south than Buenos Aires, Argentina. Melbourne is located in the southern hemisphere, closer to the South Pole, while Buenos Aires is located in the northern hemisphere.
Iowa and the Midwest are closer to Spain than to Argentina. The SW and southern states are closer to Argentina.
Montana and the northwest US are closer to Spain than to Argentina. Southern and southwestern states are closer to Argentina.
Spain is closer to North Carolina than is Argentina. States farther to the south and southwest are closer to Argentina.
Yes, Chile is closer to Brazil
Like most of the US, Illinois is closer to Spain than to Argentina.(Some southern locations of the US are closer to Argentina.)
Like most of the US, Wisconsin is closer to Spain than to Argentina.(Some southern locations of the US are closer to Argentina.)
Like most of the US, Connecticut is closer to Spain than to Argentina.(Some southern locations of the US are closer to Argentina.)
Like most of the US, Massachusetts is closer to Spain than to Argentina.(Some southern locations of the US are closer to Argentina.)
Like most of the US, Michigan is closer to Spain than to Argentina.(Some southern locations of the US are closer to Argentina.)
Most of Brazil will be warmer, because it is closer to the equator. Except for the high mountains in the west of Brazil, it is seldom cold in the interior. Most of Argentina is farther south (away from the equator) and includes substantial land regions away from the coast. So unless you are comparing the Argentine coast with the highest elevations in Brazil, locations in Brazil are going to be generally warmer in winter.
Northern Argentina is closer to the equator than southern Argentina is.